新概念2英语语法

陈述句的语序

When	Who Which What	Action	Who Which What	How	Where	(Wen)
	I	have had	breakfast
Yesterday		I	saw	movie	at home
	He	opend	the door	quietly
Last week	I	went			to the theatre
	I	bad	a very good seat
	The play	was	very interesting

五种基本句型

1. 主语 + vi.不及物动词

• The telephone rang.

2. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语

• I love animals

3. 主语 + 及物动词 + 双宾语

• give, teach, lent.
• He lent me a book.
• He lent a book to me.

4. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补

• He is finding this trip very exciting.
• He is finding this trip very exciting.

5. 主语+ (link verb)系动词+表语

• The play was very interesting.
• 系动词后面是形容词，一般动词后是副词

时间副词在句子中的位置

时间频率副词

• never/rarely/seldom/somthimes/often/frequently/usually/always ...
• 副词在句中多谓语实义动词(表示具体动作)之前，助动词(do/be/have ...)和情态动词(can/may/must/should/will...)之后
• I sometimes stay in the bed until lunchtime
• You should never trust him.

在疑问句中多谓语主语之后

• Do you always get up so late?
• I am always happy
• I always feel happy (这里的feel是实义动词)

感叹句

1. what + a/an (+形容词) + 可数名词单数 (+主+谓) ！

例句

• What a beautiful girl she is!
• What a handsome boy he is!
• What a day!
• What a guy! A real legend!
• Thanks a lot!

2. what + 形容词 + 可数名词复数 / 不可数名词 + （主+谓）！

• What lovely children (they are)!
• What terrible weather (it is)!

3. how + 形容词/副词 + （主语+谓语）！

• How handsome (that boy is)!
• How beautiful (the girl is)!

4. how + 形容词 + a/an + 可数名词单数 + (主语+谓语）！

• How cute a boy (he is)!
• How interesting a story (it is)!

这个女孩真聪明

• What a smart girl she is!
• How smart the girl is!
• How smart a girl she is!

现在进行时

• 肯定句： S. + be (am/is/are) + doing.
• 一般疑问句: be + S. + doing?
• 特殊疑问句: 疑问词 + be + S. + doing?

用法

1. 表示正在进行的动作

• But I'm still having breakfast.
• What are you doing?

2. 表示即将发生的动作 (新增)

• I'm going/coming/leaving.
• He's dying. 他就要死了
• I'm moving this weekend.
• He's meeting the manager tomorrow.

3. 表示渐变，这样的动词有： get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。例如：

• The leaves are turning red
• It's getting warmer and warmer

4. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：

• You are always changing your mind 你老是改变主意。

一般过去时

1. 表示过去某时发生的动作或状态
2. 过去某段时间内的习惯，反复发生的动作
3. 讲到已故的人时

结构

1. 一般动词

• 肯定句：S + 动词的过去式
• 否定句：S + didn't + 动词原形
• 疑问句： Did + S + 动词原形 。。。？

例句

• He worked there last year.
• He didn't work there last year.
• Did he work there last year?

2. 系动词

• 肯定句： S + was/were
• 否定句： S + wasn't/weren't
• 疑问句： Was/Were + S + ...?

例句：

• He was there yesterday.
• He wasn't there yesterday.
• Was he there yesterday?

补充： 一般过去式经常和表示过去时间的状语连用，如yesterday, lastweek, two years ago, in 1999等。

做题

• -- Have you read a book called Waiting for A?
• -- Who wrote it?
• -- I don't believe you've already finished reading the book,
• -- I lent it to you this morning

双宾语动词及用法

双宾语动词及用法：

give, teach, buy, lend, make, hand, sell, show, read, pay, find, offer, pass, bring等

• give sb. sth. / give sth. to sb.
• teach sb. sth. / teach sth. to sb.
• read sb. sth. / read sth. to sb.
• buy sb. sth. / buy sth. for sb. 大部分时候都是用to, buy/make/find sth. for sb.
• make sth. for sb./ buy sth. for sb.

例句

• He gave me some advice.
• He gave some advice to me.
• I bought my nephew a toy car.
• I bought a toy car for my nephew.

现在完成时

构成

• 肯定： S. + have/has + done
• 否定： S. + haven't/hasn't + done
• 疑问： have/has + S. + done

使用条件

1. 表示一直延续到现在的动作。

• I have lived in BJ for ten years
• So far, there has been no news of him.

2. 动作在过去已经发生， 但对现在的影响依然存在，而且具体发生时间不明，一旦有具体时间就必须用一般过去时。

• I have just lost my key.
• I have already had breakfast.
• I lost my key this morning.
• I had breakfast at 8 o'clock.

3. 现在完成时的标志词

句中出现以下时间状语常常提示我们应该使用现在完成时： just(英式)，lately, recently, yet, already, ever, never, so far, up to now, before, for..., since..., ...

例句

• I have already had breakfast.
• Have you had breakfast yet?
• I haven't had breakfast yet.
• Have we ever met before?

注意： 不可延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。

• die, marry, come, arrive, leave, go, finish, buy, etc

• ❌ My dog has died for three years.

• My dog has been dead for three years.

• ❌ He has arrived in Beijing for two months.

• He has been in Beijing for two months.

冠词 a an the

• a / an

• an hour

• an honest man

• a useful tool

• a one-eyed man

• a European country

定冠词 the 常见的三种用法

表示事物种类的名词

• Houses are beautiful animals.
• The hourse is a beautiful animal.
• A hourse is a beautiful animal.

形容词比较级

原级	比较级	最高级
far	farther, further 前置表具体距离，后者表抽象距离	farthest, furthest
old	older, elder 后者用的比较少，往往是作定语，指一个家当中“年长的”	oldest, eldest

• I can't go any farther.

• Do you have any farther question to ask.

• my elder sister

• the eldest son

• 形容词最高级前必须加the，副词最高级前的the 可以省略。

• 在表示范围的词前加in, 在表示群体的词前加of among

• Mr. Yu is the richest man in Beijing.

• He earns (the) most of/among us.

形容词副词比较级+than ...

than 引导比较状语从句， 但其后常用省略形式。

• Mary is more beautiful than Jane is.
• John runs faster than Joe does.
  • 这里其实使用run, 但是前面已有run了
  • 英文中do/does可以替代任何动词

用than 进行比较时，前后事物应为同一类

• ❌ Bill Frith's garden is larger than Joe.
  • 正确的写法时 Joe's
• Bill works harder than Joe ...
• Mary is taller than Susan.
• Mary's English is better than Susan's.
• He is fatter than I / me.
• His computer is better than mine.
• I'm moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than ____ in the city. --->that

被动语态

被动语态的应用场景

1. 不知道动作的承受着

• The temple was built in 1980

2. 没必要指出动作的承受着

• The temple is being repired

3. 强调动作的承受者

• Bruce was hit by a car

双宾语的被动：（以give为例）

• give sb. sth.
• Sb. be given sth.
• give sth. to sb.
• Sth. be given to sb.

例句

• They have offered me a large sum of money.

• I have been offered a large sum of money.

• A large sum of money has been offered to me.

• He sent me a present.

• I was sent a present.

• A present was send to me.

• He handed me the prize.

• I was handed the prize.

一般将来时

表示将要发生的动作或情况

-
肯定句	S. + will/shall + done
否定句	S. + will/shall not + done 或者won't, shan't
疑问句	will/shall + S.

将来时态及结构大全

1. 一般将来时 will/shall + do

• Jane's father will set out with her in a small boat.
• She will have something to drink but she will not eat any soild food

2. 现在进行时表示即将发生的事情。

• I'm going
• He's dying

3. be going to do 表示打算即将做的事情

• Debbie Hart is going to swim across the English Channel tomorrow. She is going to set out from the French coast at five o'clock in the morning
• It is going to rain.

注意： mean to do ; plan to do; intend to do; hope to do; 本身既有打算之意，故多用于现在时。

• Debbie is only eleven years old and she is going to set up a new world record.
• Debbie intends to short rest every two hours.

4. be to do 也可以表示即将发生的动作

• The shop is to be opened in May
• I am to see you tomorrow.

5. be about to do 表示马上要发生的动作

• He is about to leave.
• The movie is about to begin.

6. 将来进行时表示 will be doing 表示意料之中将会发生的事情。

• Tomorrow he will be watching he anxiously as she swims the long distance to England.

将来进行时

will be + doing...

1. 表示将来某时正在做的事。

• What will you be doing at 8 o'clock tomorrow morning?
• I will be sleeping

2. 表示将要做的事情，类似于一般将来，比一般将来更强调一个动作有计划性有安排性

温馨提示：将来进行时 尤用于可预见的将来或询问别人的计划打算时。

• I will be going abroad next year.
• Will you be having dinner with us tonight.
• He will soon be working in an office.
• He will be earning only half as much as he used to.

名词所有格

名词所有格表示所有者的关系，有两种形式：“-'s” 和 of。一般情况下，

• “-'s”表示有生命的名词，of用于无生命的名词。

1. 一般情况下在单数名词的词尾直接加“-'s”

• Jim's football
• Jenny's dress

2. 以-s结尾的复数名词，只能在刺猬加“-'”。

• the students' books
• the workers' club

3. 不以-s结尾的不规则复数名词，还得在词尾加“-'s”

• Children's Day
• men's shoes

4. 共同用。。。。

• Tom's and Mike's rooms
  • 两个人各自有一间，共两间
• Tom and Mike's room
  • 两人共同拥有的一个房间

5. 表示时间、距离、价值等无生命的名词，也可以加‘-'s’构成所有格

• in five minutes' time
• an hour's walk
• five pounds' worth of candy

6. 如果‘-'s’后面的名词时商店、住宅等地点时，后面的名词常常省略。

• at the butcher's
• at my mother's

"of"短语

表示无生命的所属关系时，要用介词“of”所构成的短语来表示

• the legs of the table
• the name of the hill

口语中常见的几种变音

过去完成时

使用条件：表示动作发生在过去某时之前， 即一定强调“过去的过去”。

过去完成时的构成

-	-
肯定句	S. + had + done
否定句	S. + had not / hadn't
疑问句	had + S. + done

• Before I got home, the rain had stopped
• After I had turned off the light, I left the room.

条件状语从句

if 引导的条件状语从句

1. 真实条件句
2. 非真实条件句（即虚拟语气）

if引导的真实条件句结构

if从句	主句
现在时态（一般现在，现在进行，现在完成）	一般将来时或情态动词或祈使句

• 切记：if 从句不能用将来时态

• 口诀：主将从现 主情从现 主祈从现

• If you move, I will shoot you.

• If he is sleeping, don't wake him.

• If you've finished you homework, you can see the movie.

• If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

• If you marry me. I will make you happy.

• If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we can climb the Fragrant hills

动名词

构成： 动词原形+ing

1. 名词特征： 在句中可以充当主语，宾语

• Fishing is my favorite sport. 主
• I like fishing. 动宾
• I am font of fishing. 介宾
• My favorite sport is fishing. 表

2. 动词特征： 可以跟宾语，甚至可以用副词修饰。

• I like surfing the Internet.
• Driving fast is very dangerous.

总结： 动名词其实时当名词来用，它保留动词的一些特征

• 一般来说，动名词的逻辑主语应与主句主语统一.

-
I often fish for hours I don't catch anything	I often fish for hours without catching anything
He came late He didn't say sorry to me	He came late without saying sorry to me
He entered the room. He told me the news	After entering the room, he told me the news 若强调动名词的动作先发生，则将doing变位having done. After having entered the room, he told me the news
He apologized to me. He broke my favorite vase.	He apologized to me for breaking my favorite vase. He apologized to me for having broken my favorite vase.

当两句话主语不一致，则不能合并

• He entered the room. I told him the news.
• After he entered the room, I told him the news

但是也有例外的情况

• He congratulated me. I won the competition.

• He congratulated me on winning the competition.

• He thanked me. I helpd him.

• He thanked me for helping him.

若动名词逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，则必须保证没有任何歧义.

宾语从句

1. that引导的宾语从句

陈述句放在宾语从句中之前加that, that无实际意义，可省略。

• I know (that) you are right

2. 特殊疑问词引导的宾语从句

特殊疑问句放在宾语从句中需改陈述句语序， 不加别的词

• I want to know what you are talking about?
• I want to know where you have been.
• I want to know when Tom left.

who引导的疑问句 后面是陈述语句(特殊疑问词作主语，一句话不倒装)

-	-
Who told you that?	I want to know who told you that.
Which is yours?	I want to know Which is yours?
How many people are waiting?	I want to know How many people are waiting?
Who is he?	I want to know who he is?

3. if/whether引导的宾语从句 一般疑问句放在宾语从句中，需在疑问句句首 加 if/whether,改为陈述句语序。 if/thether意为“是否”，不可省。

• Are you a doctor?
• I want to know if you are a doctor.

whether引导宾语从句 时常可用if来代替， 但以下情况常用 whether 而不是if:

1. 做介词短语

• I worry about whether I hurt his feelings

2. 跟or...结构时

• ...she always tells me whether my picture good or not.

• I am not sure whether I should marry Jone or Peter.

定语从句

1. 定义： 定语从句充当形容词的作用做定语，多用来修饰句中的名词、代词或名词短语，一般谓语被修饰成分之后，被修饰的词称为“先行词”。

2. 划分： 分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。非限定性宾语从句用逗号与主句隔开， 不能由that来引导。

引导词：

• 分为关系代词（who、 whom、 whose、 that、 which） 和关系副词（when, where, why）。引导词指代先行词， 并一定在定语从句中以现行词的身份充当某个成分（主语，宾语，定语，表语或状语）

关系代词：

• who 先行词是人， 从句做主语或宾语
• whom 先行词是人， 从句中作宾语
• which 先行词物，从句中作主语或宾语
• that 先行词是人或物， 从句中作主语或宾语
• whose 先行词人或物， 从句中作定语

关系副词

• when 时间状语
• where 地点状语
• why 原因状语

两句话	合并为定语从句
I like the girl. The girl has big eyes.	I like the girl who has big eyes.
I like the girl. The girl's eyes are very big	I like the girl whose eyes are very big
Please pass me the book. The book's cover is green.	Please pass me the book whose cover is green
That was a fault. The fault couldn't be forgiven.	That was a fault which couldn't be forgiven.
Who is the man? You are talking about the man.	Who is the man whom/who you are talking about. Who is the man about whom you are talking that/who 之前不能要介词，若有介词需用which/whom
I will never forget the day. I came to Beijing on that day.	I will never forget the day when(on which) I came to Beijing.
The police searched the house. He lived in the house	The police searched the house where(in which) he lived in.
I don't know the reason. He is angry for that reason.	I don't know the reason why (for which) he is angry

总结： 副词 = 介词 + which

• Howard: You're not going with us.
• Sheldon: Why not?
• Raj: You're the guy we're trying to get away from.
• Sheldon: Oh. Well, in that case, I don't need my jacket. And for the record, the correct syntax is: 'I'm the guy from whom you're trying to get away'

补充定语从句	引导词
The reason ___ you gave me is unacceptable	which/that
This is the school __ I visited.	which / that
This is the school __ I studied.	where
I'll never forget the day ___ we first met	when
I'll never forget the day ___ we spent together	which/that

• The man who spoke/told to you just now is my friend
• I can't answer the question that you asked
• He still remembers the day when he first go to school

关系词的省略问题

关系词的省略问题	关系代词	关系副词
限定性定语从句	做宾语（不能谓语介词之后）或表语时可省略	when, why 可以省略
非限定性定语从句	不可省略	不可省略

主谓一致的问题

如果关系代词作从句主语， 那么从句谓语动词的单复数需和先行词保持一致

• I like your friend who comes form Shandong.

以下情况定语从句关系代词需用that

1. 先行词有形容词最高级修饰时
    - Newton was one of the greatest man that ever lived
2. 先行词有序数词修饰时
    - This is the first movie that I have ever seen
3. 先行词有 the only, the very修饰时
    - The only thing that he is interested in is eating.
    - This is the very book that I am looking for
4. 先行词为不定代词（something, anything, everything, nothing等）时。
    - I need to eat something that isn't so sweet.
5. 当先行词既含表示人的名词又含表示物的名词时
    - The man in charge complained that the boss didn't send the man and money that he needed

非限定性定语从句

which / as 引导的非限定性定语从句

• which / as 引导的非限定性定语从句都可以修饰整个主句的。
• as 多含有“正如”的意思，位于主句前后均可 （唯一能放在句首的非限定性定语从句）
• which 没有含义的限制，只能用于主句后

例句

• I said nothing, which made him more angry.
• He was a policeman in disguise, which surprised me a lot
• He is good at English, as / which we all know.
• As we all know, he is good at English.
• As I soon learnt, he was English himself.
• As Napoleon once pointed out, attack is the best method of defense.

分词作定语

过去分词作定语

• 过去分词作定语表示被动；
• 单个过去分词置于所修饰词之前；
• 过去分词短语置于所修饰词之后；

例句

• a broken glass
• a glass broken by my sister
• a damaged car
• a car damaged in an accident
• We have an old musical instrument. It is called a clavichord.
  • We have an old musical instrument called clavichord.

过去分词作定语可表示完成

• fallen leaves
• retired workers

现在分词作定语

• a passing boat 一只正在过往的小船
• a flying bird
• a running dog
• a sleeping baby
• a sleeping pill

现在分词作定语表示动作正在进行； 动名词作定语表示功能。

• reading room 阅览室
• swimming pool 游泳池

单个现在分词置于所修饰词之前； 现在分词短语置于所修饰词之后。

• a flying bird.
• a bird flying in the sky.

现在分词作定语可表示主动：

• I heard a noise coming from upstairs.
• The cars taking part in the race are very old

表语从句

表语从句即一句话作表语。和宾语从句类似， 都属于名词性从句。

表语从句和宾语从句引导词的比较

由何种句子转化来	陈述句	一般疑问句	特殊疑问句
宾语从句	that(常省略)	whether/if(个别情况只能用wether)	特殊疑问词
表语从句	that(常省略)	whether	特殊疑问词

• The fact is (that) I can't finish the job in two days.
• I think that I can't finish the job in two days.
• The question is whether it is true or not.
• This is not what I meant.

定冠词 the 的用法

1. 用于特指的人或物前
2. 用于世界上独一无二的事物前
3. 用于上文提到的人或物前
4. 名字前面一般不加冠词

地理名词(rivers, oceans, mountains, islands, straits, deserts)前要加the，哪怕门口不知名的一条小河也要加the

• the Pacific (ocean)

• the Mediterranean

• the Alps

• 群岛. the Penghu Islands; the Philippines

• 海峡. the English Channel; the Taiwan strait

• 海湾. the Persian Gulf; the Gulf of mexico

• 沙漠. the Sahara Desert; the Gobi Dessert

湖泊前常不加冠词

• Lake Michigan; Lake Tongting

独山独岛前不加冠词

• Mount Tai; Mount Everest;
• Taiwan Island; Hainan Island;

国家名前不加冠词，单个别国家名前加the

• the United Kingdom
• the Democratic People's Republic of Korea

在艺术文娱场所前加 the

• go to the theatre / the cinema/ the museum/the music-hall ...

乐器前面加the

• play the piano / the guitar / the violin / the flute

但棋类球类游戏前不加the

• play chess / cards / bridge / football / basketball / tennis ...

船舶飞机名称前加the

• the Titanic; the Cutty sark
• the Antoinette;

状语从句的省略

前提：

1. 从句主语和主句主语一致
2. 从句中需要有be动词

省略时需把从句主句和be动词一起省略。

• He fell asleep when (he was) doing his homework.
• When I was surfing the net, the power was off.
• His father died when he was only three.
• He always cut class when he was a boy.
• When I say I love you, I mean it.
  • I mean it. 我是认真的
• When saying I love you, I mean it.

特例

• Call me when it is necessary.

当从句主语是it后有be动词时，也可以把it和be 一起省略

• Call me when (it is) necessary.

used to do

过去常常做某事，暗含现在已经不那样做了。

• I used to think, I had the answers to everything but now, I know life doesn't always go my way, yeah...
• I used to be a tomboy
• I used to eat four meals a day.

• used to do ... 过去常做
• be used to do ... 被用来做...
• be/get/become used to sth./doing... 习惯于
  • get/become 变的习惯于

例句

• The machine was used in a cave near the seashore where - it is said - pirates used to hide gold
• ... it has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground.
• I am used to the weather in Beijing.
• I am used to getting up early
• Life is not fair, get used to it.
• Pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it.

used to do 与 would do 用法区分：

1. 讲故事第一次出现时用used to.
2. would do 可和often, always 等词连用， 只表示过去习惯性动作而不能表示过去的状态； used to do 两者都可以。

• He used to be a taxi driver. 这里只能用 used to do

3. would do 主语只能是人， used to do 主语是人或物都可以

• There used to be a tree in the backyard

as...as...

和...一样

Mary is more beautiful than Jane.

• as + 形容词副词原级形式 + as ... ...和...一样...

• 否定 not so / as + 形容词副词原级形式 + as ... ...不如...

  • = less + 形容词副词原级形式 + than...

• 第二个as引导比较状语从句，但其后常用省略形式

• This book is as interesting as that one (is).

• This book isn't so/as interesting as that one (is).

• This book is less interesting than that one (is).

• John speaks English as well as Joe (does).

• John doesn't speak English so/as well as Joe (does).

• John speaks English less than Joe (does).

such-so

• such (+ a/an) (+ adj.) + n.
• so + adj./adv.
• so + adj. + a/an + n. 仅可数名词单数

例句

• You are such diligent students.
• You are so diligent.
• He is such a nice guy.
• He is so nice a guy.
• I've never met such a person.
• I love such exciting work.

名词前有many, much, few, little来修饰时 用so 不用such.

• so many days come and go

• so much many

• so few people

• so little time

• There is so little bread left that I need something else to eat.

• There are so little kids that they need taking care of.

比较级前的修饰词

常见的可修饰比较级的词：

• 强: much, ever, far, a lot

• 若: slightly, a little, a bit

• 否定疑问: any

• This movie is much more interesting.

• I am even less lucky

• This picture is far better

• You are a lot taller than I am.

• It is a little/a bit/slightly hotter than yesterday

• I can't go any farther.

• Do you have any further questions to ask?

美剧： 老友记、六人行 中的一段话

• Chandler: So umm, you, you flirt with guys all the time?
• Monica: Sure! It doesn't mean anything! Just like know it doesn't mean anything with you!
• Chandler: Okay, but there is a big difference. You are a lot hotter than I am.
• Joey: True story! 说的没错

例

• --Are you feeling any better? --Yes, I'm fine now.
• --The experiment was much easier than we had expected
• If there were no examinations, we should have a much happier time at school

完全倒装语序

表示“位置” 或“次序” 的状语置于句首 用全部倒装

-	-
Miss Green came in.	In came Miss Green.
A temple stands on the hill.	On the hill stands a temple.
You turn comes now.	Now comes your turn.
A horse came next.	Next came a horse.
He went off.	Off he went. 类似 Here you are
Jone saw Mary on the hill	On the hill John saw Mary

• In the town where I was born lived a man who sailed to sea and he told us of his life in the land of submarines

将来完成时

• 使用场合：表示从现在看截止到将已经完成的动作。

• 结构： will have done

• By the end of next month, they will have been married for 30 years.

• By the end of last month, they had been married for 30 years.

• We will have finished the book by the end of this month.

• By the end of this month, we surely (will have found) a satisfactory solution.

no-sooner--than

• no sooner ... than ...
• hardly ... when ...
• 刚一。。。就。。。
• S. + had + no sooner + done + than + S. + did
• S. + had + hardly + done + when + S. + did

例句

• He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there
• He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the country.

虚拟语气

虚拟语气分三种： if型；should to do型；wish型

If 引导的条件状语从句

1. 真实条件句
2. 非真实条件句（虚拟语气）

非真实条件句

1. 与现在事实相反
2. 与过去事实相反
3. 与未来趋势相反

IF型虚拟语气

-	If从句谓语	主句谓语
与现在事实相反	did(be 只能were)	would/should/could/might + do
与过去事实相反	had done	would/should/could/might + have done
与未来趋势相反	1> did/were 2> should do 3> were to + do	would/should/could/might + do

例句

• If you ate more and talked less, we would both enjoy our dinner!
• If it were not for hope, the heart would break. 人为希望而活
• If there were no clouds, we should not enjoyed the sun. 吃的苦中苦，方知甜中甜。
• If I were a bird, I could fly to you.
• If I knew th truth, I would tell you.
• If I had time, I would help you.

歌曲的的句子

• Would you know my name, if I saw you in heaven?
• Would it be the same, if I saw you in heaven?
• I must be strong and carry on, Cause I know I don't belong here in heaven.

与过去事实相反例句

• If I had known your telephone number, I would have called you yesterday.
• If he had listened to his teacher's advice, he could have passed the exam.
• If he had been more careful, he would not have made the mistake.
• If I hadn't come to Beijing, I wouldn't have met you.

与未来趋势相反例句

• If we missed the train tomorrow, we should wait an hour at the station
• If it should rain tomorrow, I would not go there.
  • 这里有个前提，看天气预报了。
• If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money.
  • were to 可能性最小，最不可能

题目

• If the weather had been better, we could have had a picnic. But it rained all day.

should型虚拟语气

should + 动词原形， should可以省略

1. 以下动词后的宾语从句中用（should）do

order, ask, decide, demand, require, advise, recommend, suggest, insist ...

• I suggested that we (should) help them with English.
  • 如果时宾语从句，主句和从句时态要一致的
• The teacher ordered that the homework (should) finished within half an hour.

2. 下列名词后的同谓语从句中用(should) do

suggestion, order, request, demand, proposal ...

• He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party
  • fancy dress party 化妆晚会
• The proposal that John (should) be dismissed is unacceptable.

3. 下列形容词后的主语从句中用（should） do

important, necessary, natural, essential, advisable, strange, surprising ......

• It's strange that you should say such a thing.
• It was important that you (should) tell me all the information

need的用法

一. 情态动词： 作为助动词用， 无人称和时态变化， 用于疑问句和否定句

1. need + do ... 现在有无必要做某时

• You needn't hurry。
• Need you go so soon?

2. need + have done 过去有无必要做某事

• You needn't have waited for me yesterday.
• Need you have been so angry with him?

二、实义动词：有人称和时态的变化

结构： need + n./to do...

• I need your help.
• You don't needed to know it.
  • = You needn't know it
  • 如果是肯定句， 则不能用它的情态动词功能，只能用它的实义动词功能
  • I need to know it

判断正误

• She needn't a hat
• She doesn't need a hat
• She needn't buy a hat

同位语从句

• 如果一句话中两个句子成分所指内容相同，则后者称为前者的同位语。
• 若同位语以句子的形式出现则称为同位语从句。

同位语从句和宾语从句引导词的比较

由何种句子转化而来	陈述句	一般疑问句	特殊疑问句
宾语从句	that(可省略)	weather/if 个别情况只能用weather	特殊疑问词
同位语从句	that(正式文体不可省略)	weather	特殊疑问词

• 同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, reply, answer,remark, plan, possibility, question等
• 连接词一般用that(question除外)

例句

• No one could account for the fact that one of the boxes was extremely heavy.
• The question whether Tom will arrive on time is stall unknown.
• The child's question why the sky is blue is hard to answer.

分词作状语

• 分词有形容词副词的特征，作定语或状语。相当于状语从句。
• 现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。
• 状语从句中若主语和主句主语一致，则可换成分词做状语

状语从句换分词作状语三部曲：

1. 看从句主语和主句主语是否一致；
2. 若一致找从句谓语动词；
3. 判断主语和从句谓语关系，主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词

状语从句	分词作状语
If you turn on the left, you will find the station。	Turning on the left, you will find the station.
While I was walking to school yesterday, I met a friend.	Walking to school yesterday, I met a friend.
As I didn't receive her letter, I called her up.	Not receiving her letter, I called her up. 分词的否定直接在前面加not
When she was asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was heavy smoker.	Asked if she had any bad habit, she answered that she was heavy smoker.
I stood there awkwardly, as I didn't know what to say.	I stood there awkwardly, not knowing what to say.

• The little girl was sitting on the ground, crying.
• He lay in bed, thinking about what happened in the day.
• He went home, teaten black and blue all over
• My sister, an inexperienced rider, was found sitting on the bicycle trying to balance it.
• Not realizing that he was in great danger, Eric walked deeper in to the forest.
• We had an anxious couple of weeks Waiting for the results of the experiment.
• Having waited in the queue for half an hour, the old man suddenly realized he had left the cheque in the car.
  • having done 现在分词的完成形式；
  • 表示此动作发生在谓语动词之前。
• Having had breakfast, I went to school

23:00

being分词作状语常可省略

• Tired of sleeping on the floor, a young man in Teheran saved up for years to buy a real bed.
• Ashamed of having acted so rashly, Dimiti apologized to Aleko for having accused him.
• (being) Tired of watching TV, we went out for a walk.
• (being) Tired last night, I fell asleep soon.
• (being) Hungry for 3 days, he could hardly move.
• Surprised and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.

现在完成进行时

• I've been living with a shadow overhead
• I've been sleeping with a cloud above my bed
• I've been lonely for so long
• Trapped in the past, I just can't seem to move on
• I've been hiding all my hopes and dreams away
• Just in case I ever need them again someday
• I've been setting aside time
• To clean a little space in the corners of my mind

• 构成： S + have/has + been + doing
• 使用条件
  • 表示从过去某事开始发生，一致延续到现在而且很可能继续下去的动词。这个动作通常还没有完成， 如果完成也是刚刚完成

例句

• It has been raining for three days and it is still raining.
• He has been running after her for 8 years.
• Where have you been? I have been looking for you.

过去完成进行时