前面几篇文章，学习了英语兔语法和高中英语语法，算是对英语有了语法比较全面的了解和掌握。但是尝试做了一些中考和高考的英语试卷，感觉不太满意，所以找来了新概念英语来学习。

新概念英语对标的是初中英语，现在学这个确实很惭愧😂😂。不过学的也挺快的，两三天时间，看完了。（因为之前的语法也认真学了）。

不过内容确实挺好， 初中英语语法恰好是日常生活中最实用的，语法总结的很全面细致，例句比较多，学起来无压力。新东方的培训课程确实比学校教的好，想想过去这么多年的时间都浪费了！考证不是目的，目的是掌握英语这么语言，学这个应该会对PETS4的听力、写作、口试有帮助。

修饰名词（可数+不可数）

1. 不可数名词前不能加不定冠词 a, an
2. 很多/许多/大量，
   • many
   • much
   • a lot of, plenty of 可修饰可数名词和不可数名词
   • a great deal of, an amount of 修饰 不可数名词
3. 一些、一点点、几乎没有, 稍微
   • few, a few
   • little, a little
   • some, any
   • a bit of + 不可数名词
4. 不可数名词 可用计量词 + of 表示
   • a piece of paper/bread
   • a bottle of water / orange / tea / beer / oil
   • a portion of
   • a series of
   • a panel of
   • a pile of
   • a pair of shows / trousers / pants

一般现在时可表示 经常、习惯性的动作，那么过去习惯性的动作如何表示？

1. 使用always、often、whenever 修饰
2. 使用used to， 注意它与 be used to 的区别

动词时态补充

表示渐变的动词 get grow become turn run go begin

现在进行时

1. 正在进行
2. 习惯进行 长期或重复性的动作
3. 渐变
4. always, constanly, forever 反复发生或持续存在的状态，常常伴有说话人的主观色彩
   • You always changing your mind

疑问句

一般疑问句

• 英文中的陈述句变疑问句采用句式的变化
• 最基本的含有be动词的句子， 把be提到句首，首字母大写，句尾加问号
• 读的时候用升调

例句

• This is my handbag --> Is this your handbag
  • Yes it is/ No it isn't

否定句

英文中的否定句通过not来体现， not 需要放在助动词之后

• This isn't my umbrella

选择疑问句

• 选择疑问句仅在一般疑问句的末尾加or
• 读的时候先升后降

特殊疑问句

• 九个特殊疑问词：what/ who/ whose /how / when/ where/ why/ how/ which
• 降调

what特殊疑问句

• Watch (+名词) + 助动词 + 主语

• What is make your car? 你的车是什么牌子的？

• What color is your car?

• What color are your shoes?

• What's your name?

• What's your job?

陈述句变疑问句三部曲

• 根据意思确定疑问词
• 特殊疑问词提至句首
• 把助动词提到主语前

回答	提问
My car is Benz.	What made is your car?
My car is red.	What color is your car?
His name is John.	What is his name?
That is a dog.	What's that

how引导的特殊疑问句

how常用与询问健康、状况、工作、生活等

• How about you?
• How is your work?

how 之后可以跟形形容，用于询问具体多高、多长等

• How long is your hair？
• How long is your dress/frock?

回答	提问
Helen is fine.	How is Helen?
Helen's car is great.	How is Helen's car?
Helen is 5 feet tall.	How tall is Helen?
This mountain is 2 kilometers high.	How high is this mountain?

who引导的特殊疑问句

• 某物是谁的
• 结构基本都是whose+n.+ be动词+代词
• 回答时 往往用名词所有格， 或形容词性物主代词

例句

• Whose shirt is that? Whose is that shirt?
  • It's Tom's (shirt)
  • It's his shirt
• Whose book is that?
• Whose umbrella is this?

名词所有格形式

• 名词所有格： 人名 + ‘s
• 代词所有歌： 形容词性物主代词如my, your, his 等 和名词性物主代词（mine, his等）

作用：

• 名词所有格：可相当于形容词或名词， 也即可作定语修饰名词也可单独用。

冠词

a an the

• a an 只能修饰可数名词单数
• the 定冠词可修饰任何名词
• a an 用于第一次出现的人或物前面

the 的用法

• 用于特指的人或物前
• 重新提到的人或物前
• 用于独一无二的事物前
  • 例外： 国家
  • 注意 the earth 的发音

there be结构

• 用于说明人或物的“存在” 译为“有”
• 结构本身实为倒装（主语跑到了be之前）
• 句末通常有一个介词短语做状语，说明所在的地点
• there is + 可数名词单数/不可数名词
• there are + 可数名词复数

there be 句型的疑问和否定

• 疑问句： be提到there前，句末加问号
• 否定句： be后加not，缩写 isn't aren't

例句

• There are some picture on the wall.

• Are there any picture on the wall?

• There aren't any picture on the wall.

• Aren't there any picture on the wall?

• Is there any water in the glass?

• No, There isn't any water in the glass.

祈使句

祈使句往往省略主语you, 所以以动词原形开头，往往表示命令、请求、叮嘱、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子

• Open the door.
• Look.
• Sit down, please.
• Give me you hand.

否定在句首加don't或do not （语气更强）

• Don't do that.
• Do not do that.
• Don't go upstairs
• Do not go upstairs

祈使句如有两个动词，常用and连接

• Come and see my new dress
• Go and wash you hands
• Wait and see

现在进行时

时态要慢慢学 Rome wasn't build in a day。

• climbing中 b不发音
• sharpen ---> sharpining

用法

1. 表示现在正在做的事情

• Mom is Cookie in the kitchen
• 英语句子，先主谓宾，其他往后放
• I am watching TV/television
• My dog is running after a cat.
• There are cleaning the office.

2. 现阶段正在做的事情

• I am studying English
• Peter is running after Susan

否定 在 am/is/are 后面加 not

注意：am not 没有缩写

疑问句： be提到句首

• Are you reading a book?
• What are you doing?
• What is Mike doing?
• He is reading a newpaper.
• I'm waiting for a train
• I'm chat with a friend

be going to do...

1. 打算计划要做某事
2. 否定疑问在be后加not

注： go, come, leave 等词的be going to 结构 用进行时来代替

• I'm going
• 不能说 I'm going to go
• I'm coming
• 不能说 I'm going to come

一般现在时

1. 表示经常性或习惯性的动作或存在的状态
   • 注： 这里动作与状态的否定形式不一样

• I often get up early.
• She is busy every day.

2. 表示主语的特征、性格、能力、爱好 （客观事实）
3. 表示客观真理

• There are seven days in a week.
• The earth moves around the sun.

总结： 一般现在时表示 现阶段一段时间内“不变”的事情

结构

1. 主语 + be动词 + 表语（形容词、名词、介词短语）

• 否定 在 be 后 加 not
• 疑问 be 提到句首
• This isn't my dog.
• Is this my dog?

2. 主语 + 其他动词

• 与前者的区别， be表示的是状态，其他动词表示的是动作
• 否定 主语+ don't+ 动词原形。
• 疑问句 主语前加do, 句末问号。

例句

• We get up at 7 in the morning
• John and Tom like tea
• You look well
• I don't like coffee.
• Do you like coffee?
• What do you like?
• Which one do you want?

be 动词与行为动词 不能出现在同一个句子中

• ❌ I am come from China
• I am from China
• I come from China

例

• Do you like chocolate?
• Yes, I do.
• No. I don't.
• My parents don't live in Beijing
• Do you want a cup of tea?

动词的第三人称单数

• 变换规则略

• My brother likes grapes.

• Mr. Bird likes steak.

• Mr. Bird like some beef.

否定句 把do 变成does

• Does Linda like music?
• Linda doesn't like music.
• What does Linda like?
• Where does Linda live?
• Does Mr. Bird like steak?
  • Yes, he does.
  • No, he doesn't.
• What Does Emma like?
• Emma likes honey, but she doesn't like sugar.

have 的用法

• have最基本的意思是“具有” “拥有”，第三人称单数是has
• I have a sister and a brother.
• He has a car

表示这层含义时， 其疑问句和否定句有两种

1. 把have 作为一个动词，否定疑问通过do和does实现 (美)

• Do you have a brother?
• Yes I have. / No I don't.
• Does he have a car?
• He doesn't have a car.

2. 把have作为助动词，即提前变为疑问，后加not变成否定 (英)

• Have you a brother?
• I haven't a brother.
• Has he a car?
• No, he hasn't a car.

3. have 表示“患病”， 同法同上

• Jimmy has a bad cold
• Does he have a bad cold?
• Has he has a bad cold?
• He doesn't have a bad cold
• He hasn't a bad cold

4. have 可以表示 “吃 喝 玩 做” 等常见的动作

• 通常在一些常见的固定搭配中，不能滥用
• 这时have为实义动词，否定疑问需要借助助动词的某种形式
• have lunch/breakfast/super/dinner
• have a party
• have a good time
• have a look
• have a bath
• have a walk
• Do you have breakfast everyday.
• Did you have breakfast today?
• I didn't have breakfast.
• I am having breakfast.

反身代词

• Enjoy yourself.
• Did you hurt yourself?
• I love myself.
• Get over yourself. 别自恋了

时间的表示法

1. 整点： 点钟 + o'clock

• eight o'clock
• ten o'clock

2. 半点 half past + 点钟

• half past nine

3. 分钟不过半： 分钟 + past + 点钟

• twenty past eight
• ten past five
• a quarter post four

4. 分钟过半： 剩余分钟数 + to + 下一点钟

• five to ten
• fifteen to eleven
• a quarter to eleven

5. 美式 表示法： 小时 + 分钟

• one twenty
• five thirty
• one fifty five

一般过去时

1. 表示过去某个时间点的状态和动作

• I bought a dictionary yesterday
• He was a doctor a year ago

2. 过去某个时间段内的习惯，反复发生的动作

• When he was a child, he often wet the bed.

3. 谈到已故的人的时候

• Lu Xun was a great writer

一般过去时的结构

1. 主语+be的过去式 was/were

• Jimmy was ill last week
• I was at a dentist's (clinic) yesterday
• I was cold yesterday
• We were home yesterday
• I was tired last night
• There was a tree in the backyard

2. 主语+动词的过去式

• He jumped off the wall.
• He worked very late last night.
• I arrived home late.
• He said nothing.
• We finished the work at last
• Yesterday I saw a movie

否定句和疑问句 同之前， be变位

• Was Jimmy ill lask week.
• Where were you just now?
• Were you at a dentist's ?
• Yes, I was. No I wasn't.

一般过去时变否定句

• 动词改为原形，动词前加didn't
• I didn't work yesterday.
• He didn't come.
• We didn't finish the work.

一般过去时变疑问句

• 主语前加did，动词改为原形，句末问号
• Did he phone you yesterday?
• What did you see?
• What did you do yesterday?
• Did you enjoy yourself last night?
• Tom washed the dishes.
• What did you see?
• They didn't go to school yesterday.

现在完成时

• 结构 have/has + 动词的过去分词
• 除一些不规则变化过去分词同过去式
• have/has 为助动词，否定句疑问句在其上变化

用法

1. 动作在过去已经发生，对现在的影响依然存在，而且具体发生时间不明（一旦有具体发生的时间，就必须用一般过去时）

• 与一般过去时的区别
  • 一般过去时只表示具体过去某时发生的动作， 常与以下时间状语连用：yesterday, last year, last week, 3 days ago, in 1989等。
  • 现在完成时态强调一个过去发生的动作，对现在造成的结果或影响。常与以下时间状语连用 just刚刚, already已经, yet还/仍然, never从不, ever曾经
    • yet 与 already 对应，前者否定句，后者肯定句
    • never 与 ever 对应 例句
• He has already left.
• I have already finished my work.
• We have already had breakfast
• I have already had 3 cups of coffee
• My brother has just arrived in Beijing.
  • 大地点用in，小地点用at
• I lost my keys yesterday
• -- Why don't you go home?
• -- I have lost my keys.

2. 表示一直延续到现在的动作。这句话常出现 for, since, so far等词

• I have lived in Beijing for 12 years

• I have lived in Beijing Since 2002

• So far, we haven't seen each other

• I am a teacher

• I was a teacher 12 years ago

• I have been a teacher for 12 years

• I am in BJ

• I was in BJ last year.

• I have been in BJ for 12 years

• I became a teacher in 2000

• I have been a teacher since 2000

• He came to China 5 years ago

• He has lived in China for 5 years

一般将来时

• 时间： 从现在看，将来要发生的动作或情况
• 常与将来的时间状语连用， 如tomorrow, next week

结构： will/shall + 动词原形 （shall 只用于第一人称）
will 可以用于任何人称，常和主语缩写为 'll，否定缩写为 won't
will 和 shall 是情态动词，情态动词不随主语的改变而改变，其后必须用动词原形

• I'll leave Beijing tomorrow
• It'll snow tonight
• It won't snow tonight
• Will you miss me?
• I was, am and will be your friend.

• He'll move house next week.
• Will you call me tonight?
• I won't come tommorrow.

过去将来时

• 用法： 从过去看将要发生的动作 (常出现在一般过去时的从句中)
• 结构： would + 动词原形
• He said he wouldn't come tomorrow

反义疑问句

• 反义疑问句由两部分组成： 前一部分为陈述句，后一部分简短问句，两部分由逗号隔开，
• 前肯后否或者前否后肯
• 注意：
  • 问句的主语需和主句的主语一致， 且问句用代词不用名词
  • 前后的助动词，时态必须一致
  • 可 读成声调表示自己不太确定，问一下对方
  • 也可 读成降调表示自己比较确定，要求对方再确认一下

例句

• You have lived here for many years, haven't you?
• He won't be late, will he?
• You are tired, aren't you?
• It isn't going to rain tomorrow, is it?
• He went out, didn't he?
• You love me, don't you?
• Jimmy doesn't feel ill, does he?
• You can wait for me, can't you?
• There is no water here, is there?
• He hasn't left yet, has he?
• You have been here for a long time, haven't you?

直接引语和间接引语

• 引语其实就是引用别人的话
• 直接引语和间接引语都是宾语
• 直接引语就是一字不差的引用别人的话， 需要放在引号内，
• 但是要注意的是，英文的引号要用单引号，引号里再出现引号了用双引号（与中文相反）
• 简介引语是用自己的话转述别人的话，不用引号，而以宾语从句的形式出现

• 直接引语变简介引语要注意人称和时态的变化。
• 人称的变化
• 时态的变化

1. 若当即转述别人的话， 动词（say, tall）用一般现在时，则直接引语中的时态不做任何变化放入间接引语中

原话	转述后
He says: 'I am busy'	He says that he is busy
Mr. Jone says: 'I have just finished my work'	Mr. Jone says that he has just finished his work
Sally says: 'I'm sitting on the tree.'	Sally says that she is sitting on the tree
Sara says: 'I broke that plate'	Sara says that she broke that plate
Jack says: 'I'll go to England tomorrow'	Jack says that he'll go to England tomorrow

2. 若过了一段时间再转述别人的话， 动词用一般过去时态（told, said等），则时态则作如下变化

直接引语	间接引语
一般现在时	一般过去时
一般过去时	过去完成时
现在进行时	过去进行时
现在完成时	过去完成时
一般将来时	过去将来时
将来完成时	过去完成时
情态动词	对应的过去式

原话	转述后
She said: 'I am hungry'	She said that she was hungry
'I am having breakfast,' he told me	He told me that he was having breakfast
He said: 'I want to see you'	He said that he want to see me
She said: 'I've just have made a new film'	She said that she had just made a new film.
She said: 'I am going to retire.'	She said that she is going to retire.
Tom said: 'I broke the cup.'	Tom said that he had broke the cup
Jane told (said to) Jack: 'I love you.'	Jane told (said to) Jack that she loved him
He said: 'We will come back soon'	He said that they would come back soon

形容词副词比较级最高级

• 英文中大多数形容词副词有三种形式： 原级、比较级、最高级
• 两者进行比较时 用 比较级
• 三者或三者以上进行比较时用最高级

单音节词

比较级最高级用法

1. 比较级只用于两者之间

• 构成： 比较级 + than...
• 若比较的东西比较明显， than之后可以省去。

例句

• Mary is taller than Susan.
• My hair is longer than yours.
• The coat is prettier (than that one).
• Today is warmer.

2. 最高级用于三者以上的比较

• 结构： the + 最高级（+比较范围）
• 比较范围时介词短语或从句（如of all, in the world, in the class, I have ever seen等）

例句

• He is the tallest in the class.

• He is the tallest I have ever seen.

• This apple is the sweetest I have ever eaten.

• This question is easier than that one.

• It's the easiest of (them) all.

• This knife is sharper than that one.

• It's the sharpest of them all.

• This dress is longer than that one.

• It's the longest I have ever seen.

• She is prettier than her sister.

• She is prettiest (girl) I have ever seen.

• This apple is bigger than that one.

• It's the biggest I have ever seen.

• This man is taller than that one.

• He is tallest I have ever seen.

• He is the laziest in the class.

• This picture is prettier.

多音节词

多音节词（通常两个音节以上）比较级最高级分别为

• more + 原级
• most + 原级

例子

• beautiful --> more beautiful --> most beautiful
• expensive --> more expensive --> most expensive
• famous --> more famous --> most famous

例句

• This car is beatuiful
• That one is more beautiful
• It's the most beautiful one I have ever seen

注： 以辅音字母加y结尾的单词，多音节词的变化规则同单音节词一样， 变y为i+es

• busy --> busier --> busiest

特殊形容词副词的比较级最高级

• good/well --> better --> best
• bad/ill --> worse --> worst
• many/much --> more --> most
• few --> fewer --> fewest
• litte --> less --> least

-	比较级	最高级
cheap	cheaper	cheapest
loud	louder	loudest
hot	hotter	hottest
small	smaller	smallest
large	larger	largest
light	lighter	lightest
dirty	dirtier	dirtiest

表示比原来少

若表示比原来少，不管单音节词多音节词都在原级前加less变比较级，加least变最高级。

• Susan is tall, I am less tall
• I am the least tall in the class
• This movie is interesting. That one is less interesting.
• It's the least interesting one I have ever seen.

不出现比较级的比较

• A is as + 原级 + as B A和B 一样
• A is not so/as + 原级 + as B A不如B

例句

• I am as tall as Susan.
• I am not so/as tall as Susan.
• I run as fast as Liuxiang.
• I don't run as/so fast as Liuxiang.

A is not as/so + adj. + as B = A is less + adj + than B

• I am not so/as tall as Susan.
• I am less tall than Susan.
• I don't run as/so fast as Liuxiang.
• I run less fast than Liuxiang

neither与so

• 其他表示也的单词 too / either / also / as well
• too 放在肯定句句尾， as well 也是
• either 放在否定句的句尾
• also 放在句子的中间

neither也不 so也， 前置否定句，后者肯定句，都放在句子开头， 其后还要倒装

• 用法： 置于句首， 其后倒装（动词跑到主语前面）
• 即： Neither + 助动词 + 主语。 So + 助动词 + 主语
• 助动词形式要跟上一句保持一致

例

• -- I can't swim. -- Neither can I.
• -- I haven't got any small charge. -- Neither have I.
  • 当 have 表示拥有的时候, 英美人士喜欢在后面+got， 不改变句子意思，但是have就变成了助动词了。
• -- I didn't see the movie. -- Neither did I.
• -- I haven't been to Europe.
  • -- Neither have I.
  • -- Neither has she.
• -- I can swim. -- So can I.
• -- I have got some small change. -- So have I.
• -- I saw the movie. -- So did I
• -- I have been to Europe. -- So have I. -- So has she.

不定代词

every	no	any	some
everyone	no one	anyone	someone
everybody	nobody	anybody	somebody
everything	nothing注意发音	anything	something
everywhere	nowhere	anywhere	somewhere

以上不定代词都是单数

填空	答案
Is there ___ in the water?	anything
There is ___ in the water.	something
There isn't ___ in the water.	anything
There is ___ in the water	nothing
Is there ___ in ther office?	anyone/anybody
There is ___ in ther office.	someone/somebody
There isn't ___ in ther office.	anyone/anybody
There is ___ in the office.	no one
___ is present	Everyone
I am looking for my watch. I left it ___ this morning. I looked ___ in the room, but I couldn't find it ___.	somewhere, everywhere, anywhere
I am sure it must be ____ in the room, but it's ___. Where can it be?	somewhere, nowhere

过去进行时

• 用法： 表示过去某时刻或某个阶段正在进行的动作
• 结构： was/were + doing

例句

• she was swimming yesterday afternoon
• I was sleeping at tem last night

过去进行时尤用于when, as, while 引导的时间状语从句中，用来说明主句动作发生的背景。

when, as, while 通常可以互换

• When I was cooking, he called.
• When he was crossing the street, he slipped
• While we were having dinner, the doorbell rang
  • ring 的过去时 rang

否定疑问在 was/were上发生变化。

• You were not listening to me.
• Were you listening to me?
• How were you feeling at that time?

造句

• Yesterday, while I was walking home, I saw a car accident
• Were you talking to me?
• Who were you talking to just now?

定语从句

定义： 定语从句即一句话做定语，放在所修饰的名词或代词之后，所修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。

在英语中，形容词通常放在名词前做定语，但如果用一句话或短语代替这个形容词，那么定语就需要后置了。

• who 先行词是人，从句中作主语或宾语
• whom先行词是人，从句中作宾语
• which先行词是物， 从句中作主语或宾语
• that先行词是人或物，从句中作主语或宾语

-	合成一句话
The man is a teacher The man was here just now	The man who was here just now is a teacher.
I know the guy. You like the guy.	I know the guy whom/who you like
I bought the books. The books are on the counter.	I bought the books which are on the counter.
I don't like the novel. You are reading the novel.	I don't like the nevel which you are reading.
Who is the man? You are talking about the man.	Who is the man who/whom you are talking about?

定语从句的省略

1. 定语从句中关系代词作宾语时可以省略。
2. 定语从句中关系代词作主语后又有be动词可以把关系代词和be一起省略

• This is the book (that) I bought yesterday.
• The man (who is) standing behind the conner served me.
• I am the one (who) bought the book.
• Who is the man (who/whom) you are talking about?
• I don't like the nevel (which) you are reading.
• I bought the books (which are) on the counter. 省略之后就相当于介词短语作定语
• I know the guy (whom) you like.

must与have-to

共同点

• 都有“有必要， 必须” 之意， 后都跟动词原形

不同点

1. must侧重于主观上必须； 而have to 侧重于客观上必须，有强迫之意， 常译为“不得不”。
2. must无人称和时态的变化，have to有人称有时代的变化。
3. must否定疑问在自身发生变化，have to否定疑问需要借助助动词do的某种形式。 且mustn't表示“禁止”，而don't have to 表示“不必须，没有必要” 等有needn't

• I must study hard.
• I have to study hard.
• He has to study hard. / He must study hard
• I will have to study harder.

疑问句

• Must you go now?
  • Yes I must. / No I needn't.

• Do you have to go now?

否定句

• I mustn't go now
• I don't have to go now.

must表示推测

• 翻译成 “一定”

• 结构： must + 动词原形（多用be）

• 否定句用can't.

• He must be a doctor.

• He must be ill.

• Jane must be at least 40.

• He can't be a doctor.

• He can't be ill.

若表示“一定在作某事”，则用: must be doing...

• It must be raining
• He must be sleeping.

表示对过去的推测， 结构为： must + have done.

• You must have met him yesterday

若表示对过去的推测，当时动作在进行，则结构为：

• must + have been doing.

You must have been sleeping when I called you.

否定句依然用 can't

• You can't have seen me yesterday. I stayed at home all day.
• I can't have been sleeping.

may/might表示推测

• may/might表示推测同must（对现在或想来的推测后跟动词原形，对过去的推测后跟完成形式）不如must强。
• might在此并非may过去式，只是语气比may更弱

例句

• It may be a cat.
• He might have been busy last night.
• He may be reading.
• He may have been reading.

条件状语从句

条件状语从句分两种

• 真实条件句
• 非真实条件句（虚拟语气）

真实条件句

真实条件句结构：

• if从句： 一般现在时态
• 主句：一般将来时态或情态动词
• 总结： 主将从现 主情从现

切记： 条件状语从句中不用将来时态！

• If I have enough money, I will travel around the world.
• Is you don't hurry up, we will be late.
• If you marry me, I will make you happay.
• If you take a taxi, you will/might catch the plane

宾语从句

1. that 引导的宾语从句

• 陈述句放在宾语从句之前加that, that无实际意义，可省略

例句

• You are right
• I know that you are right

2. if/whether 引导的宾语从句

一般疑问句放在宾语从句中，需要疑问句句首加if/whether, 改为陈述语序。

• Are you a doctor?
• I want to know if you are a doctor.
• Have you finished your work?
• I want to know if you have finished your work.
• Will you go abroad?
• I want to know if you will go abroad.
• Are you listening to me?
• I want to know whether you are listening to me.
• Do you love me?
• I want to know if you love me.
• Does Mary need any help?
• I want to know if Mary needs any help.
• Did you watch the movie last night?
• I want to know whether you watched the movie last night.

3. 特殊疑问题引导的宾语从句

• 特殊疑问句放在宾语从句中，只需改为陈述句，不加别的词。

• 特殊疑问词也不能省略

• What are you talking about?

• I want to know what you are talking about?

• Where have you been?

• I want to know where you have been?

被动语态

• 被动语态用于不知道动作的执行者时谁，或根本没必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
• 谓语结构： be + 过去分词

时态	被动语态结构
一般现在时	am/is/are + 动词过去分词
现在进行时	am/is/are + being + 动词过去分词
现在完成时	have/has been + 动词过去分词
一般过去时	was/were + 动词过去分词
过去进行时	was/were + being + 动词过去分词
过去完成时	had been + 动词过去分词
一般将来时	will be + 动词过去分词
过去将来时	would be + 动词过去分词

• The house was built 100 years ago.

• These houses were build 100 years ago.

• The office is clearned every day.

• The office are cleaned every day.

• He is never invited to a party.

• They are never invited to a party.

• The office was cleaned yesterday.

• The office were cleaned yesterday.

• He was invited to a party yesterday.

• They were invited to a party yesterday

• My car has been repaired.

• These cars have been repaired.

• His key has just been stolen.

• His keys have just been stolen.

• The room has been cleaned.

• These cars will be repaired tomorrow.

• The thieves will be caught soon.

• He remembered that he hadn't locked the door.

主动变被动：

• 主语+谓语+宾语（主动语态）
• 宾语 + be + 过去分词 + (by + 主语) （被动语态）

例句

标题
I clean my car every week	My car is cleaned (by me) every week
They built the house 100 years ago.	The house was built(by them) 100 years ago.

过去完成时

• 使用条件： 表示动作发生在过去某事之前，即一定强调“过去的过去”

-	过去完成时的构成
肯定句	S.+ have + done
否定句	S. + had not / hadn't + done
疑问句	had + S. + done

例句：

• When the police arrived, the thief had run away.
• The class had bagun when Bob arrived.
• They had left before I came back.
• The rain had stopped before I got home
• Where had you been before the class began?
• I remember that I hadn't paid for the meal.
• She cried after she had heard the news.

几个连续发生的动作，用 and 或 but连接时， 多用一般过去时

• He antered the room, turned on the lamb, and sat down at the table
• I asked him a question, but he didn't answer.

感叹句

• What + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + 系动词!
• How + 形容词 + 主语 + 名词 + 系动词！

What beautiful flowers they are!

How beautiful these flowers are!

1. 动词work的用法

• work on a farm;

2. hundred

• There ars hundreds students on the playground

3. prefer to 较喜欢，宁愿

• Tom likes pork better than beef.(改为同义句)
• Tom prefer pork to beef.