。。。。。。

被动语态

• 主动语态 强调动作的执行者
• 被动语态 强调动作的承受着

主谓宾

• The carrot was eaten by rabbit
• The rabbit was frightened by wolf

主谓+间接宾语+直接宾语

• The rabbit gave the carrot to the wolf
• The wolf was given the carrot by the rabbit
• The carrot was given to the wolf by the rabbit

主语+谓语+宾语+宾补

• The rabbit was invited to the party by the wolf
• The rabbit made the wolf (to) laugh
• The wolf was made to laugh (by the rabbit)

主动	被动	被动疑问
The rabbit has eaten the carrot	The carrot has been eaten by the rabbit	Has the carrot been eaten by the rabbit
The rabbit would have eaten the carrot	The carrot would have been eaten by the rabbit	Would the carrot have been eaten by the rabbit
The rabbit might eat the carrot	The carrot minght be eaten by the rabbit	Might the carrot be eaten by the rabbit

倒装句

为了强调某种信息 而颠倒原有语序的顺序

倒装分三种

• 完全倒装 谓语动词完全在主语前
  • 副词/介词短语在句首的倒装
  • 表语的倒装
• 部分倒装 仅助动词提前
• 形式倒装 谓语动词不提前

地点副词在句首的倒装

• There goes the last bus

时间副词在句首的倒装

• Now comes the wolf's turn!

表运动方向的副词在句首的倒装

• In out up down away
• Up went the carrot into air
• At the table sat a rabbit

英语中为了保持句子平衡，或者强调表语部分，将做表语的形容词、分词、介词短语、such, 置于句首时，需要完全倒装

• Seated on the ground is a group of rabbits
• Such were the wolf's tricks
• English you mush learn
• This video you like

部分倒桩句（将助动词和谓语动词分离，助动词提前）

• Never before have I eaten such a delicious carrot

独立主格结构

• Because he was invited by the wolf, the rabbit deside to go to party
• Invited by the wolf, The rabbit deside to go to the party
• Because the wolf invited him, the rabbit deside to go to the party
• The wolf Inviting him, the rabbit decided to go to the party
  • 这句话的主干是 the rabbit ...，但是invite这个动作是由the wolf发出的，而不是真正的主语 the rabbit 发出来的，所以语法上把the wolf称为动词invite的逻辑主语，而这就是"独立主格"中的"主格",因为the wolf是有利于真正主语the rabbit之外的呀，所以是独立，这个独立的主语（非真正的主语）叫逻辑主语

下面看一下独立主格对句子的简化

标题
If the weather permits, the rabbit will go out	The weather permitting, the rabbit will go out
After the work was finished, the rabbit went home	The work finished, the rabbit went home
The rabbit is lying in the bed and a carrot is still held in his hand	The rabbit is lying in the bed, a carrot still held in his hand

• The rabbit to come, the wolf is overjoyed
• Many animals went to the party, some of them rabbits and wolves
• Many animals went to the party, some of them happy
• The rabbit sat on a chair, head down
• The rabbit came in, carrot in hand

名词/代词 + being + ...

• Many animals went to the party, some of them being rabbits and wolves

• Many animals went to the party, some of them being happy

• The rabbit sat on a chair, head being down

• The rabbit came in, carrot being in hand

• The work finished, the rabbit went home

• With the work finished, the rabbit went home

• The rabbit came in, with a carrot in his hand

  • The rabbit came in, carrot in hand

强调

• Rabbits like carrots
• Wow rabbits like carrots!
• Oh my god, rabbits like carrots

书面强调

• Rabbits like carrots!
• Rabbits like carrots!!!
• Rabbits like carrot!?
• Rabbits like carrots
• RABBITS like carrots

词汇强调

• Rabbit really like carrots!

• I eat very very very fast!

• I missed the very beginning of the movie

• This is just unbelieveable!

• All I ever wanted is that carrot

• What the hell are you talking about

• He went on and on and on

• He walked and walked and walked

Rabbits do like carrots

反身代词强调

• I can do it myself

• I myself went there!

• I saw myself in the mirror 这个不是强调

• The carrot is big! ---> How big the carrot is !

• You've grown a big carrot ---> What a big carrot you've grown!

• The rabbit will eat the carrot

  • It is the rabbit who/that will eat the carrot

省略

• 词法省略
• 句法省略

词法省略

表示独一无二的身份，可以省略冠词

chairman president head

• The rabbit was appointed (the) chairman of the carrotown Committee
• The wolf served as (the) head of our team

并列关系

• Both the rabbit and （the） wolf will be invited to the party
• Is this hunny a boy or (a) girl

有些情况下不能省略冠词

• a teacher and a wideo creator

某些独立主格结构可省略

• The rabbit came in, carrot in hand

• The rabbit came in, with a carrot in his hand

• I ate 10 carrots (on) that day

• I worked (for) 60 hours (in) last week

I am busy (in) making videos

裸不定式

• He wanted to stay here and (to) read
• The wolf helped me to eat the carrot

省略从句引导词

• This is the rabbit (that) we met yesterday.
• The rabbit said (that) the carrots were tasty

句法省略

祈使句

• Open the door please
• You open the door, please
• What a smart rabbit he is!
• How (fast) time flies!

在一些口语表达中力求简洁，可省略很多重复的部分

• The rabbit went home after work, and (the rabbit) ate a carrot
• The rabbit has eaten a carrot, but the wolf hasn't (eaten a carrot)
• The story made the rabbit happy, but (the story made) the wolf sad
• The rabbit likes carrots and the wolf (likes) apples

主从复合句中的省略

• The rabbit will eat the carrot , but I don't know when (he will eat it)
• When (the rabbit was) young, (he) went to school erery day
• If (it is) possible, I'll be there on time
• I can eat more carrots than you (can eat carrtos)
• You are smarter than I am smart

主谓一致

中文是所谓孤立语，对次序的要求非常高，而词性变化很少或者没有变化。 比如咱们中文没有动词本身不存在于语法上的“变位”，（时态气）

而英文术语屈折语，通过丰富的词性变化表达语法意义。

如 I am a rabbit, you were a rabbit 谓语动词和主语的人称一致，

英语语法 主谓一致，要求 语法一致、意义一致、就近一致

语法一致

句子中的谓语动词在形式上和主语的单复数保持一致

• Time is money
• Carrots are delicious

不可数名词后只能接单数谓语动词

比如

• A number of carrots have been eaten
• A lot of carrot juice has been sold
• To eat a carrot every day is good for the rabbit

非谓语动词做主语时，也相当于单数名词， 比如

• To eat a carrot every day is good for the rabbit
• Eating carrots is healthy

一般情况下用and连接不同的名词做主语，都会接复数谓语动词，比如：

• The rabbit and the wolf are at the party

假象主语 一些词看起来像复数，但其实是单数

• as well as expect but

• The rabbit as well as other animals gets a rabbit

• All the animals except the wolf get the carrots

不定代词作主语

• Everyone gets a carrot

• Each of them gets a carrot

• Both of them like carrots

• Some of them are afraid of wolf

• None of them get/gets a carrot

• Neigher of them is/are afraid of the wolf

意义一致

主语意义位单数， 则谓语动词用单数， 主语意义为复数， 则谓语动词也需要用复数

同一个主语多种身份

• The teacher and video creator is a rabbit
• The teacher and the video creator are rabbits

意义一致

• Ten years is a long time
• Two coins isn't a lot
• A knift and fork is needed for eating the carrot
• Break and butter is also needed at dinner

3. 不定代词的单复数意义

• All is quiet --> All are quiet

4. 名词的行和意

• 行复意单 ---> 用单数谓语动词
• 行单意复 ---> 用复数谓语动词
• 单复数同形的名词 ---> 用单复数谓语动词都可
• 集合名词 ---> 用单复数谓语动词都可

有些名词，看起来是单数， 但是意义是单数， 比如：

• Physics is my favorite subject
• The cattle are on the hill
• A sheep is eating grass
• The sheep are eating grass

类似的名词还有 deer means series species

集合名词

• The rabbit's family is huge.
• The rabbit's family are all at home

类似的集合名词还有

• army audience police team police team 等

只能表示一个类别的事物， 只能用单复数谓语动词如

• All the funiture here is expensive

the + 形容词 可视作集合名词；表示单数意义/复数意义

• The young are expected to learn from the old
• The new is going to replace the old

就近一致

谓语动词的单复数由最近的主语决定，如or，either... or... 等

由 or... / either... or... / neither...nor.../ not only... but alse 等连接两个名词或代词作主语时， 谓语动词和和离的近的词一致

• Either you or I am going to party.
• Not only the rabbit but also many other animals like carrots
• There is a carrot and two apples on the table

缩写

contraction	example sentence
I am ---> I'm	I'm 24 years old
You are ---> You're	You're such a sweetheart
He is ---> He's	He's so handsome
She is ---> She's	She's very beautiful
They are ---> They're	They're such cute kittens
We are ---> We're	We're going to China next month
That is ---> That's	That's awesome
There is ---> There's	There's the hotel we were looking for
What is ---> What's	What's the matter?
Where is ---> Where's	Where's my car?
Who is ---> Who's	Who's there?
Who are ---> Who're	Who're the people at next table?
12	12
Are not ---> Aren't	They aren't coming next week
Is not ---> Isn't	She isn't listening to you
Were not ---> Weren't	They weren't invited to the party
Was not ---> Wasn't	I wasn't joking when I said that
Does not ---> Doesn't	He doesn't play tennis
Do not ---> Don't	I don't like cheese
Need not ---> Needn't	You needn't worry about that.
Did not ---> Didn't	I didn't know that
Can not ---> Can't	I can't understand you
Could not ---> Couldn't	He couldn't get his shoes on!
Will not ---> Won't	I won't be able to attend the conference
Would not ---> Wouldn't	I wouldn't ask her
Has not ---> Hasn't	She hasn't finished her homework yet
Have not ---> Haven't	I haven't finished my home work
Had not ---> Hadn't	I hadn't thought of that
Might not ---> Mightn't	I almost wondered if he mightn't be right
Must not ---> Mustn't	You mustn't worry too much about this
Should not ---> Shouldn't	You shouldn't do things like that
18	18
I will ---> I'll	I'll be on vacation next week
You will ---> You'll	I think you'll pass the exam
He will ---> he'll	I'm sure he'll help you if he can
She will ---> She'll	She'll be there tommorrow, I'm sure.
They will ---> They'll	I hope they'll come to my party
I would ---> I'd	I'd like a cup of coffee
You would ---> You'd	I was afraid you'd ask me that
He would ---> He'd	He'd lick to go to the cinema tonight
She would ---> She'd	She'd be a great managing director. don't you think?
They would ---> They'd	They'd love to see the film
We would ---> We'd	We'd be gratefull for an answer
11	11
I have ---> I've	I've been waiting an hour already
You have ---> You've	You've got to start working harder
They have ---> They've	They've got paint all over the carpet
We have ---> We've	It's been over a year since we're done that
Who have ---> Who've	Who've you asked so far?
He has ---> He's	He's worked here for 5 years
She has ---> She's	She's been to Japan twice
There has ---> There's	There's been entirely too much asid on the subject
That has ---> That's	That's got to be the most ridiculous thing I've ever seen
What has ---> What's	They want a list of what's been stolen
Who has ---> Who's	Who's been chosen, do you know?
I had ---> I'd	I'd just got in the bath when the phone rang
You had ---> You'd	It happened just after you'd left the room
He had ---> He'd	He'd been alone for a long time
She had ---> She'd	She'd already left
They had ---> They'd	They'd better be here on time
We had ---> We'd	We'd better be more careful in th fulture
Who had ---> Who'd	She wondered who'd sent her the mysterious email
18	18
Let us ---> Let's	Let's go out to dinner

条件句

英语的条件句有时被称为“IF从句”， 分为真实条件句和非真实条件句，它描述了，可能发生（现在或将来）或可能发生但没有发生（过去）的事情的结果

由不同的时态组成，主要由四种条件句：

• 零条件句、
• 第一类条件句、
• 第二类条件句和
• 第三类条件句。

零条件句

格式： If/When + ...一般现在时...,

用法： 当结果总是发生时，或绝对真理时，使用零条件句

• If water reaches 100 degrees, it boils
• If people eat too much, they get fat
• If you touch a fire, you get burned
• Snakes bite if they scared
• if babies are hungry, they cry
• If the weather is nice, she walks to work
• I read if there is noting on TV

If 和 when

If 和 when都可以用于零条件句，但是 if表示某事发生频率较低， 而when表示有规律的发生，例如

• When I have a day off from work, I usually go to beach

第一类条件句

格式： If/When + ...一般现在时...， ...一般将来时...

用法： 当你用来描述你认为将来可能发生的事情时，使用第一类条件句。

• If it rains, I won't go to park
• If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight
• If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes
• She'll be late if the train is delayed
• If I see her, I'll tell her.

If 和 When If 表示你不知道某事是否发生，而when表示某件事一定会在某个时刻发生，我们只是在等待它的发生。

• When you call me, I will give you the address

第二类条件句

格式：

• If+...一般过去时...，...would + 不带to不定式...
• ...would + 不带to不定式...，If+...一般过去时...

用法

用来表示与将来事实可能相反的事情，比如在幻想什么东西

• If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.
• She would pass the exam if she ever studied
• She would travel all over the world if she were rich
• If I had his number, I would call him

3. 在第二类条件句中，虽然 was 经常出现在对话中，但是在语法上它是不正确的，在英语写作或考试中要用 were，例如：

• If he were French, he would live in Paris.
• I would play basketball if I were taller.

4. if 和 when：只有 if 可以用于第二类条件句，而 when 不可以。

更多条件句，参考这篇文章

不定式省略to的情况

1. 情态动词（除ought外）
2. 使役动词 make， let, have 后，感官动词see, watch,look at, noice, abserve, hear, listento, smell, feel, find 等后。
   • I saw him dance.
   • The boss made them work the whole night.
   • 注意被动语态中不能省去to. 例如:
   • He was seen to dance
   • The were made to work the whole night
   • 实义动词get(说服。。。)后的to不能省略
   • I'll get the wolf to wash my car for free
3. would rather, had better句型后
4. Why.../ Why no...句型后
5. help sb (to) do sth
   • The wolf helped the rabbit (to) grow carrots.
6. but和except后。but前时实义动词do时，后面出现的不定式不带to.
   • He wants to do nothing but go out
   • He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine
7. 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式，第二个to可以省去
8. 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾语时，可以省去to

其它

• 其它使役动词
  • force（强迫）,
  • leave（让，导致）,
  • drive（驱使，使...变得）,
  • see（看到）,
  • find（发现）
  • watch 观看

翻译问题