- 介词又称作前置词,表示名词代词与句中其他词的关系,在句中不能单独作句子成分。
- 介词后面一般有名词、代词、或相当于名词和其他词类、短语或从句作他的宾语,表示与其他成分的关系。
- 介词和他的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语、表语、补语、定语或介词宾语
本文内容如下
- 介词的原理
- 介词的构成形式
- 介词的学习误区
- 介词学习的诀窍
- 常见英语介词用法
- 介词短语
- 介词固定搭配
介词原理
- 介词属于虚词,就是为了介绍实词存在的。虚词是抽象的概念,介词是为了介绍实词的虚词
- 介词表达的是补充附加信息(时间信息,空间信息,方式信息,逻辑信息(原因、目的、对象。。。)。。。)
介词的构成形式
- 简单介词
- in 在...里; ...
- to 朝; ...
- with 和; ...
- 介词短语
- by way of 通过...方式
- at the end of 在...的最后
- along with 和...一起
- because of 因为...
- previous to ...之前
短语介词相当于介词,不能单独表示完整意思(后面说的介词短语已经是完整意义了,相当于副词了)
- 合成介词
- into 到...之内
- onto 到...之上
- within 在...之内
- nowithstanding 尽管
- 分词介词
- including 包括...
- regarding 关于...;至于...
- considering 鉴于...;考虑到...
- given 考虑到...;如果...
介词的学习误区
正因为介词是前置词,通过与之后内容的关系,来表达信息的,所以当这样的关系在中英文里的思维方式相似时,中英文介词有些对应程度很高,如
- until 直到
- along 沿着
- expect 除了
这些介词都只有一个或几个主要含义时,相对好掌握
反之,当介词使用时中英文思维方式不同时, 就没有办法找到完全对应的介词翻译,这一点和名词、动词等实词往往不能找到对应翻译很不同。
介词 | 不能完全对应中文含义 | 例子 |
---|
in | 里面 | in two days |
on | 上面 | on the left |
with | 和 | angry with me |
换句话说,学英语介词,最忌讳和需要避免的,就是拼命去找个中文介词对号入座。因为那往往是不可能的。以 by 为例
- 随...而来
- 从...中经过
- 接着...被;由
- 在...旁边;在身边
- 搭乘;通过;抓住...;靠采取;就...而论;以...称呼方式;以...的名义;凭着
- 偏于 经过
- 对待 借着...光亮
- 不迟于;在...时候
- 以...之差 根据
- 以...幅度;以...为单位; ...比
再以动词hit举例
- | - |
---|
达到42度 | hit 42 degrees |
我明白/意识到 | the idea hit me |
踩刹车 | hit the brake |
上路 | hit the road |
在这种情况下
- in these situations
- under these circumstances
学习介词的两大难点
- 很多介词 意义太多, 同一介词出现在不同的分类里,它们可以和之后的内容构成不同类别的关系,从而表达差别很大,甚至表达毫不想干的含义
- 很多介词相互之间易混淆 (比如 in on at 都可以表示时间和空间信息)
介词学习的诀窍
about
about本意 是 on the outside of
在。。。的外面(之处), 引申义如下:
- | 例 | 引申义 |
---|
我知道一些关于兔子的事 | I know something about the rabbit | 关于(外围; 有涉及,非核心) |
胡萝卜大约有20个 | There are about 20 carrots | 大约(从外大范围大致数数) |
让我们做点什么来解决这个问题 | Let do something about the problem | 针对(从外到内地解决) |
狼有点危险的特质 | There's something dangerous about the wolf | 某人某事有某种特质 |
别来来回回的跑了 | Stop running about | 到处(在外面来来回回) |
on
on的本意是 在。。。之上
- Dinner is on me
- The burden of paying for dinner is on me
beyond
- It's beyond me
- It is beyond the things that I can understand
in
- in the sun
- dressed in white
- in English
介词相互之间易混淆
in on at
in on at 都能前置于 时间和空间,表达相同含义。
但正因为这样,咱们很多人老师记不住

从这三个介词的空间含义入手,
- in 表示在一堆东西中间,或者说上下左右都能移动,说明是在一个大范围内。
- on 一般指在...之上,说明有一面确定了,只能在这个平面上移动
- at 通常只在很明确的一个点上
三者的范围是由大到小
- at cornet, at shop
- in the city, in the country
street前面用什么呢?如果你要表达很明确的某处, 比如两条街的交界
- Right now I'm at Carrot Street and Apple Street
- There is some trash on the street
- I'm working in the street
把这个空间概念引申到时间上
- in the year / in the month/ in the week
- on that day / on Monday/ on Apirl 1st
- at 8 o'clock, at that moment
不要教条主义的认为,看见hour就一定用on,如下
- There are sixty minutes in an hour.
- There are 60 seconds in a minute.
同理 in the morning 表示在早晨这个时间段范围内,
如果表达相对明确的一个点,就要说 on the morning了
- I saw the wolf on the morning of Apirl 1st.
为什么是at noon ?
none 是一个点 之前是上午,之后是下午, 所以用at
常见英语介词用法
- 表示空间
- 时间
- 方式
- 原因
- 关于
- 数值
- 状态
- 排除
表示空间的介词
in 在。。。里面
- in the house;
- in the park;
- in the country
on 在。。。上面
- on the table
- on the floor
on the tree和in the tree的区别
标题 | |
---|
on the tree 表示与物体有接触 引申为长在树上的,是树本身所有的 | There are some apples on the tree |
in the tree (外部事物)在树里面 | There are some birds in the tree |
at 在表示地点的时候,指一个明确的具体的“点”
- at the corner of the street
- The bus stopped at the bus station
over 覆盖; 在。。。上方;越过上空
这个“在。。。上方”,有可能接触,也有可能不接触,
,比如
- | |
---|
如果表示物体与物体接触的话,一般表示覆盖、全部覆盖的意思 | The monther put a blanket over the child |
如果不与物体接触的话,表示“在。。。上方” | the lamp over the table the bridge over the river |
越过上空 | The plane flew over the mountain The rabbit climbed over the fence |
above 在。。。上方(高于平面)
这一含义和over的“静态含义”是很相似的,只不过over还表示正上方,而obove一般只要“高出”就行
on over above三者的区别
- over above 表示在物体的上方 不接触
- over可以描述动态
- | - |
---|
There is a carrot on the table | 物体与物体接触 |
The rabbit jumpped over the table | 物体与物体接触,且动态 |
under 在。。。下方 与 over 相对
- there is a boll under the desk
below 在。。。下方 与 above 相对
- The rabbit dived below the surface of the water
两者区别
- under指在某物的正下方,含垂直在下方的意思(包含接触和不接触),
- 而below表示低于某个平面,可以是正下方也可以不是
near 在。。。附近;在。。。周边
by/beside作空间介词时,两者都表示“在。。。旁边”,通常两者可以互换。
There is a hotel by/beside the river
next to 靠近;紧挨着
The building next to the school
near/by/beside/next to
都可以表示“在。。。旁边”
- near表示附近的,往往有些距离,
- There is a scholl near here
- by/next to/beside都表示接近,往往可互换
- The rabbit sat by/beside/next to the wolf
- by 含义更多
- beside 强调 “在 。。。边上”,可以引申为“非空间含义”的“和。。。比较”
- My carrot looks bigger beside yours
- next to 强调 “下一个,紧接着”的“相邻”
across表示(从表面)横过
- go across the street
- swim across the river
through 从内部穿过
- go through the tunnel
- walk through the forest
- look through the window
past 经过;路过
- The rabbit walked past the wolf without saying any words
in front of在。。。前面
- The rabbit is standing in front of the wolf
before 在。。。之前
before与 in front of的区别是
- before 不太用作空间介词,除非是表达“在众人/观众前”,比如
- She played the violin before the crowd
behind 在。。。之后
与in front of相反
- The wolf is standing behind the rabbit
between 在。。。之间
一般来说,between侧重在两者之间,有时会与and一起使用,构成 between...and...的结构。
- The carrot is between the rabbit and the wolf
在三者及以上之间分别两两比较时,也可以用between
- You shouldn't eat between meals
among 在。。。之间
一般指在三者及更多人和物之间
- The rabbit is standing among the carrots
round/around 围绕环绕,两者意思相近,可互换
- tree round/around the field
- around the world 全世界
along 沿着;顺着
to 向;朝
toward/ towards 朝着。。。的方向
跟to 在意思上相近
onto 到。。。上面
- The rabbit jumped onto the table
into 到。。。里面(内部)
out of 从里面出来
opposite 在。。。对面
- Our schoool is opposite my house
against 与。。。相反;倚,靠
- We were rowing against the current
- The rabbit was learning against the tree
count: 26
以下几个副词也可以做介词
up 沿。。。向上
down沿。。。向上下
- walk down the road
- roll down the hill
off离。。。有一定距离
- New Zealand lies off the eastern coast of Australia
表示时间的介词
前面讲过 in on at 表示时间范围是由大到小的
- at noon
- at sunset
- at dawn
- at 6 o'click
- at the age of 6
during 持续;在。。。期间
- during the past 2 days
- during the past 2 weeks
- during the past 2 years
for 在古英语里表示"之前;由于",这里是“因为。。。;因。。。持续”
- I've been learning English for 2 years
since 自从
before 表示时间(以及次序)的 “在。。。之前”
- before Monday
- before 2024
after 在。。。之后
in 在。。。内;(从此刻起后)某段时间内
-
I'll eat a carrot in 2 hours
-
I'll eat a carrot after 2 hours
-
I returned after two hours
from ... to... 从什么时候到什么时候
by 在。。。附近/旁边;不超过。。。边界;不迟于。。。/在。。。之前
在表示时间点之前,by和 before的意思类似,但是before泛指某个时间点之前, by相当于限定了一条时间线,更侧重于“不超过,不迟于”这条时间线
- Please finish your homework before 8PM
- Please finish your homework by 8PM (强调截止时间)
until 直到。。。为止
表示方式的介词
in “...方式”;“在...里面”
through 通过。。。方式;穿过
- We succeed through hard work
through的本意是从中间穿过,引申为“通过”某种方式或经历,也就不奇怪了
by 通过...;在...旁边 引申为依靠
- We learn English by watching videos。
- I go to work by car
with 用。。。;和。。。一起 后面接有形工具
on 在。。。上面 后面接电子通信设备
表示原因的介词
for 因为...;由于...
- This rabbit is famous for being able to speak
with 和...一起这里引申为 。。。是和。。。分不开的原因
- rabbit is shaking with cold
becasuse 因为。。。
另外due to
、owing to
、on account of
都表示由于因为的意思
- The rabbit didn't go out
due to/owing to/on account of
the rain
表示关于的介词
about 本意是“在。。。外面”,关于某人某事的情况,不就是外围的信息吗?
- Could you tell me something about your school?
of 在古英语里是“离开”的意思,这里引申为“此外的;附加的” 即相关的信息
- He thought of something important
think about 想到关于。。。的事
think of 想起了
on 本意是“在。。。上面”,把一个具体的事情当成平面,其上的讨论是“关于”的意思
- Would you like some advice on learning English
表示数值的介词
at 在某处,可以表示价格,比率等数值点
- at a high price
- at a fast rate
by 后接度量标准
- They get paid by the hour
for 以...的代价
- I bought those books for 100 Yuan
表示状态的介词
in 在。。。里;在。。。状态里
on 在。。。之上,引申为“受到之下。。。的支持(的状态)”
at 本意是在某处;可引申为在某个状态
under本意表示“在。。。下面”,这里引申为在(框架,前提)下
- under construction
- under discussion
表示排除的介词
besides 除了。。。还
- I like many things besides carrots
except 除了。。。
- Everyone went to the party except the rabbit
except for 除了。。。 用法与except相似,但是往往用来对之前的内容进行反驳,
- The party is great except for the loud music
介词短语
介词需要之后有承受对象, 介词后面的确需要宾语,即介词宾语,介词宾语和通常宾语一样,可以由多种此类充当
- 名词 in the room
- 代词 in it 在其中
- 数词 the age of 20
- 形容词 in general 大体
- 副词 from here
介词短语
- in the room
- on the roof
- under the table
Between 10 and 11 is a good time fom me
固定搭配
- for example
- at ease 自在
- in turn 依次
- need for 需要。。。
- long for 渴望。。。
- ready for 准备。。。
动词+介词 构成 短语动词

高频介词
to
- previous to
- from ... to ...
- Japan is/lies to the east China
- ten to 8 o'clock
- go to home
- 不定式
of
- because of
- He thought of something important
- 名词所有格(非生命)
in
- in two days; in a year; in the week; in winter; in December
- There are 60 minutes in an hour;
- in this situations; in progress; in a dilemma
- in the son
- dressed in white
- in English; 用某种材料
- in the city; in the park; in the house; in the country
- I am working in the street
- There are some birds in the tree;
- in it
- in general
- in tears
- in turn
for
- for health
- except for carrots
- The rabbit is famous for being able to speak
- I've been learning English for 2 years;
- He sold his car for 6000 dollars
- for example
- need for
- long for
- ready for
on
- on the left; 蒙古国在中国的北方
- Dinner is on me
- There is some trash on the street
- on that day; on Monday; on April 1st
- on the table; on the floor
- There are some apples on the tree
- next to 在。。。旁边;下一个; 紧邻
- We talked on the phone
- Would you like some advice on learning English?
- on a diet; on drugs
with
- along with
- angry with me
- We write with pens
- The rabbit is shaking with cold
at
- at the endof
- at corner; at shop;
- at A Street and B Street
- at 8 o'clock; at that moment; at noon; at dawn; at sunset; a the age of 6
- The bus stopped at the bus station
- at a high price; at a fast rate
- at work; at dinner
- at easy
by
- by way of
- There is a hotel by/beside the river;
- sat by somebody
- by tomorrow; by 2 o'clock
- Please finish your homework by 8PM
- We learn English by watching videos; I go to work by car
- They get paid by the hour
from
about
- I know something about rabbit;
- There are about 20 carrots
- Let's do something about the problem
- There's something dangerous about the wolf
- Stop running about
补充
前面的内容参考英语兔, 下面的内容来自PETS3语法上,作为补充。
- 表示方位的介词in,to,on
- in 表示在某地范围之内;
- to 表示在某地范围之外;
- on 表示于某地相邻或接壤;
- Shanghai is/lies in the east of China
- Japan is/lies to the east of China.
- Mongolia is/lies on the north of China.
- 表示计量的介词: at, for, by.
- at 表示“以。。。速度”,“以。。。价格”;
- for表示“用。。。交换,以。。。为代价”;
- by 表示“以。。。计”,后跟度量单位
- It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour
- I sold my car at a high price
- He sold his car for 500 dollars
- They paid him by the month
- 表示材料的介词: of, from, in
- of成品仍能看出原料;
- from 成品已看不出材料
- in 用某种材料或语言
- This box is made of paper
- Wine is made from garpes
- They talk in English
- 表示工具或手段的介词: by, with,on
- by 用某种方式,多用于交通;
- with表示“用某种工具”
- on表示“以。。。方式”
- I went there by bus
- He broke the window with a stone
- They talked on the telephone
- 表示关于的介词 of, about, on
- of 金表示提到或谈到某人某事
- about 指“关于”某人或某事的详细的信息;
- on 指“关于” 学术性或严肃的事
- Can you tell me something about yourself
- Tt's a textbook on the history of China
- 表示原因或理由的介词 for because
- for 表示原因,与sorry, famous, punish, praise, thank, blane连用;
- because 表示引起结果的直接原因
- I am sorry for what I said to you
- He retired last month because he was ill
- 表示好像或当作的介词
- like 表示“像。。。一样”,其实不是
- as表示“作为,以。。。身份”,其实也是
- Peter the Great, like his country, was strong and proud
- He talked to me as a father
- 表示支持或反对的介词: against, for
- Are you for me idea or against it?