一个句子有各种类型的词组成，英语按照词性可分为

• 名词
• 代词
• 冠词
• 形容词
• 数词
• 动词
• 副词
• 介词
• 连词
• 叹词

名词

名词分普通名词和专有名词。 专有名词是指独一无二的

比如

• Earth
• Asia
• China
• New Year
• Bank of China

人名也属于专有名词， 专有名词首字母都要大写

专有名词包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节目、书名、电影名以及某些抽象名词等

• 普通名词又分为 可数名词和不可数名词
• 可数名词分为个体名词和集体名词
• 不可说名词分为物质名词和抽象名词
  • 物质名词：无法分为个体的实物， 如 water
  • 抽象名词：抽象名词 表示动作、状态、情感等抽象概念， 如 work、happiness等

可数名词

可数名词分为个体名词和集体名词

个体名词是

• rabbit carrot

还有一类名词不是个体，而是指“多个个体的集合” 比如 team audience fruit，这些名词是单数还是复数要看具体情况

比如team 可以指一个队伍（单数）， 也可以指队伍中的所有成员（复数）

• This is a large team
• The team are working together

有一些名词只有复数意义， 比如

• police、people、sheep、fish、deer、aircraft
• 抽象名词 species、series、means

也有是总称， 比如

• baggage（所携带行李的总集合）
• furniture 某个地点所有家具的总集合

可数名词的复数

可数名词	变化规则	例
一般情况	直接在名词后加-s	map, tree, boy
以字母-x、-s、-ch、-sh结尾的名词	在名词后加es	bus, box, watch, dish, shes
以“辅音字母+-y”结尾的名词	变-y为-i加-es	family, country lady cherry story army enemy
以-f或-fe结尾的名词	变-f或-fe为v加es	knife, wife, leaf, life, wolf
以-o结尾的名词	一般直接加-s,少数加-es	kilo, hiano,mosquito tomato, hero, potato, mango, volcano, buffalo, box

可数名词不规则变化

标题
child	children
man	men
woman	women
person	people
police	police
tooth	teeth
foot	feet
mouse	mice
species	species
series	series
stadium	stadia
sheep	sheep
ox	oxen
goose	geese
alumnus	alumni
alumna	alumnae
fish	fish（有时是 fishes）
focus	foci
moose	moose

不可数名词

抽象的概念 如peace、 honesty 是不可数名词

实体名词也不可数， 或者是说 “数不清”，比如水

• 物质类 water水、 air空气、 rice大米、bread面包、salt盐、sugar糖、oil油、sand沙子、beer啤酒、 gold金子、silver银 wood木材、 paper纸、glass玻璃、milk牛奶
• 抽象概念 information、advice、knowledge、wisdom、happiness、love、luck、peace、progress、education
• 集合名词 furniture baggage 行李 jewelry 首饰, 珍宝 luggage 行李 equipment 设备 clothing traffic machinery 机械装置

一般情况下专有名词不可说， 当然某些情况下也可以可数，如

• 楼下有个叫麦克的人找你
• 我们班上有三个叫麦克的同学

water表示 “水”的意思 是不可说的， 但它还有 “水域”的意思，一片水域、两片水域，这就是可数的了

• international waters 国际水域
• a glass of water

相似的情况还有

• two types of fruit
• a piece of bread

It is a pleasure

名词的格

• 主格 在句子中充当主语
• 宾格 在句子中充当宾语
• 所有格 XX的所属权属于前面的
  • the rabbit's carrot 这个兔子的胡萝卜

但需要注意

• Tom's and Jerry's rooms 两个人各自的房间
• Tom and Jerry's room 两个人共同的房间

所有权不光能用在有生命的人或动物之后表示“所属权”, 也可以用在非人物后表示某种性质， 如

• today's news
• the moon's brightness
• the meter's length
• China's reputation

's用在有生命的人或动物之后表示所有权， 没有生命的事物的所有格还可以用of限定

• the quality of the paper
• the influence of the peace
• the news of today
• the brightness of moon

双层所有格

• I am one of Michel's friends
• I am a friend of Michel's

-	-
a photo of Michel's	Michel拥有的照片中的一张
a photo of Michel	一张有Michel的照片

形容词

有些英语形容词通常只做表语，比如一些以a-开头的形容词， 像alive, asleep, alone.

The rabbit is alive/asleep/alone. 他们一般不做定语， 如果想要做定语就要换词

a living sleeping lonely rabbit

注 alone和lonely含义有差别，前者是孤单但不一定难过，后者通常是孤单且难过。

某些表示身体情况的形容词 如ill、well只能说

• The rabbit is ill/well

如果想做定语就要换词

• a sick/health rabbit

前置形容词的排列顺序

1. 冠词、指示代词、不定代词、物主代词
2. 序数词、基数词
3. 一般性描述的形容词
4. 大小、长短、形状
5. 年龄、新旧
6. 颜色
7. 国籍、出处
8. 材料
9. 用途、类别
10. 最终修饰的名词或动名词

标题
大小	big, small, large, tiny, huge
长度	long, short, tall, lengthy, wide, narrow, extensive, vast, compact
尺寸	narrow, thick, thin, deep, shallow, broad, slim, oversized, undersized
形状	round, square, oval, triangular, rectangular, cubical, flat, circular, angular, diamond-shaped

---	---

---	---

---	---

TODO

a beautiful big round new black Chinese wooden table

• The rabbit is ill/well/kind
• a sick/healthy rabbit

The rabbit came home, tired and hungry

Magic mirror on the wall, who is the fairest one person of all

• long/ tall/ great

• late/ large/ nice

• easy/busy/happy

• big/ hot/fat

• 多音节词和部分双音节词 词前加more most

  • instersting/difficult

• 不规则变化

形容词比较级

TODO

代词

代词分为：

• 人称代词
• 物主代词
• 反身代词
• 强调代词
• 相互代词
• 指示代词
• 不定代词
• 疑问代词
• 连接代词
• 关系代词

人称代词作主语和宾语的情况必须区分开， 这就是代词的主格和宾格

• I saw him
• he also saw me

属格

表达所属关系

• It is my carrot
• The carrot is mine

反身代词

• I saw myself

强调代词

-
反身代词做宾语	The rabbit washed himself
兔子自己洗胡萝卜 强调代词作状语	The rabbit washed the carrot himself
兔子会自己做	The rabbit will do it himself

互相代词

• We should help each other

• each other 两者之间

• one another 三者之间/三者以上之间

指示代词

• this that these those

不定代词

• 可说名词前加上基数词 表示数量如 one rabbit, two rabbits
• 如果不知道数量，我们可能用“有几个”、 “个把”、 “一些”
• 如果是不可数名词就不能用数量了 “少许” “很多” “一些”
• 这些就叫做不定代词

much/many

• many 用于代替或修饰可数名词的复数 many rabbits
• much 用于代替或修饰不可数名词 much water

few/little

• a few few 后接可数名词复数
  • 前者是肯定意义 - 一些， 后者是否定意义 - 几乎没有
• a litte little 后接不可数名词
  • 前者是肯定意义 - 一些， 后者是否定意义 - 几乎没有

例句

• a few carrots
• few carrots
• a little water

some/any

some any 都是表示一些的意思， 前者用在肯定句中，后者一般用在否定句和疑问句中

• The rabbit needs some carrots
• Does the rabbit need any carrots?
• The rabbit doesn't need any carrots

但是也有例外，如果需要对方肯定回答时，用some

• Would you like some coffee

而当any 表示“任何一个”时，可以用在肯定句中

• The rabbit can eat any rabbit

each/every

each 和 every都有“每”的意思

• each 用作代词，单独做主语
• every后+名词，不可单独做主语 例句
• There are many carrots, Each is big
• Every carrot is big

还有一个区别是

• each 表示每2个/2个以上
• every 表示每3个/3个以上 例句
• there are many carrots on each side of the carrot

either/neither

• either 两者中的每一个 （谓语动词用单数）
• neither 两者中的每一个都不（谓语动词用单数）

例句

• Give the rabbit this or that carrot. Either is good
• Do not give the rabbit this or that carrot. Neither is good

both/all

• Both of the two rabbits are cute
• All of the rabbits are cute

other/the other/another

例句	-	英文
我喜欢这个胡萝卜，不喜欢其他胡萝卜	other 另外的；其他的（+名词）	I like this carrot, I don't like other carrots
这根胡萝卜比另一根胡萝卜大	the other 特指两者中的另一个	This carrot is bigger than the other carrot
兔子不喜欢这个胡萝卜。再给他一根胡萝卜	another 泛指3个/3个以上的另一个	The rabbit doesn't like this carrot. Give him another carrot

复合不定代词

every

-	指人	指物
every- -->	everyone, everybody 每人，人人	everything 每件事；一切事
some- -->	someone, somebody 某人	something 某事
any- -->	anyone, anybody 任何人	anything 任何事
no- -->	no one, nobody 没人	nothing 没有事

• Everyone is here.
• The rabbit needs something to eat
• Nothing can stop the rabbit from eating carrots
• The rabbit has something important to do
• The rabbit has noting important to do

疑问代词

• who saw the rabbit?
• Whom did this rabbit see?

在日常交流中用Who代替whom 也是可以的， 但也不是所有的whom都能用who取代。当疑问代词作宾语紧跟介词就必须用whom，如：
From whom did the rabbit get the carrots
不过如果把介词放到句子末尾, 用who也行
who did the rabbit get the carrots from

除了 who whom疑问代词还有which what whose

连接代词

连接代词的作用是引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句。连接代词有 who whom whose what which

• I don't know who you are
• What he said isn't true
• The important thing is which rabbit is smarter

当这些词+ever变成 whoever whomever whatever whichever 表示 “任何一切” 的意思起强调的作用

• The rabbit wants to eat whatever he likes

关系代词

关系代词用于定语从句，共有6个 who whom whose which that as

人称代词的排列顺序

1. 单数人称代词并列做主语时，其顺序为： 第二人称>第三人称>第一人称，即you>he/she/it>I

• You, he and I should return on time.

2. 复数人称代词作主语时， 其顺序为：第一人称>第二人称>第三人称，即we>you>they

• We, you and they should stay here

3. 表示男女的代词并排使用时，通常是先男后女

• Nobody likes such things expect him and her

4. 人称代词和其他嗲次共用时，其他代词放在人称代词后面

• He and some others go to do some shopping for the party

数词

基数词 算27

• zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten

• eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen

• twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety, hundred, thousand, million, billion

• eighty-seven, two hundred and twenty-one

• You two can go with me

• thousands of carrots

• hundreds of thousands of carrots

序数词 算16

第一、第二、第三、第五、第八、第九、十二、二十、三十

• first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelvth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth seventeenth, eighteenth, nighteenth, twentieth, thirtieth, ..., ninetieth,
• 1～19 除去几个特别的其他都是加th。
• 整十20及以上变y为ie +th 如 twentieth
• hundredth thousandth millitonth billionth
• 非整十的数 twenty-second, fifty-sixth, one hundred and first, 规律是，仅个位数变序数词
• 实际应用中，序数词多以缩写为主 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th ... 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th ... 101st 102nd 103rd 104th ...

同基础词一样，序数词可以在句子中充当不同的成分

标题
第五个付账的人将获得此奖品	The fifth to pay the bill will get this prize
请给我第二个	Please give me the second
他是今天早上第13个摔倒的人	He is the 13th person to fall over this morning
她是第五个付账的人	She was the fifth to pay the bill

在使用序数词的时候 一般要加the，但也有些情况下不能加

• This is my first book

有些用基数词的表达 和用序数词的表达相近

• Room 315
• Page 200
• Catch-22

不过 the second lesson 和 Lesson 2 有些区别

前者是第二节课 后者倾向于一门课程的第二课时

分数的表达 6

• one third 1/3
• three fifths 3/5

分数由基数词和序数词共同组成，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，如果分子> 1 分母的序数词还需加s变为复数。

• one second; a half
• one fourth; a quarter
• three fourths; three-quarters
• two and one third

小数 1

• one point three four
• zero point five seven
• twelve point eight nine six

百分比2

• twenty-five percent
• two point five percent

倍数 4

• half
• twice
• three times

标题
这根胡萝卜的大小是那根的两倍	This carrot is twice times the size of that one
同上 倍数 + as... as...	I have twice times as many carrots as he has
我吃东西的速度比他快三倍	I can eat three times faster than he can
我的收入增加了三倍	I have increased my income by three times

倍数 + the + 计量 + of

• This carrot is half/twice/three times the size of that one

倍数 + as... as...

• I have half/twice/three times as many carrots as he has

倍数 + 比较级 + then

• I can eat three times faster than he can

by 倍数

• I have increased my income by three times

数字符号和算术 8

• 2 plus 2 is 4
• 4 minus 2 is 2
• 2 multiplied by /times 3 is 6.
• 8 divided by 4 is 2
• 2 squared is 4
• 2 cubed is 8
• 4 is more than 3
• 2 is less than 3

单位的表示 12

标题
7:00	at seven
7:15	a quarter past seven
7:30	half past seven
7:50	ten to eight

一般情况下半点之前用past 表示 半点之后用to表示

日期表示

• 英式 日/月/年 12th December, 2024
• 美式 月/日/年 December 12th, 2024

注意日的表示要用序数词，读的时候要the 读出来

年的写法

标题
公元前 500 年	500 B.C.
公元 500 年	500 A.D.
公元 2020 年	2020
21世纪20年代	2020's / 2020s
20世纪80年代	1980's / 1980s

单位	adj	n
长	long	length
宽	wide	width
高	high	height

• the river is 1000 meters long 基数词+单位词(复数)+形容词(长宽高)
• The river is 1000 meters in length 基数词+单位词(复数)+in +名词(长宽高)
• This room is 20 by 35 meters
• This room is 700 square meters
• This box is 8 by 5 by 6 centimeters
• 37 degrees centigrade
• 37 degrees Fahrenheit
• ten degress below zero

quater,square, cube,degrees,meter, centimeter

连词

连词是一种虚词，用于连接单词、短语、从句或句子，在句子中不能单独用作句子成分。

连词的分类

连词分为并列连词和从属连词

• 并列连词
  • 并列关系、转折关系、因果关系、选择关系
• 从属连词
  • 引导宾语、主语、表语、状语从句

标题
并列关系	and, both...and..., not only...but also..., neither...nor
转折关系	but,yet, however, nevertheless
因果关系	so, for, therefore
选择关系	or, neither... or...
引导主语从句	that, if, whether
引导宾语从句	that, what, whether
引导表语从句	that, whether
引导状语从句	见状语从句

并列关系

标题
and	The rabbit is smart and cute
both...and	Both rabbit and wolf like carrots
not only... but also	The rabbit not only teaches English but also make videos
neither...nor	Neither the rabbit nor the wolf likes apples

选择关系

标题
or	What does the rabbit like Apples or carrots
neither... or...	Either the rabbit or the wolf is going to the party this evening
neither...nor	The rabbit neither ate nor slept yesterday
or/or else/otherwise	Hurry up, or/or else/otherwise you'll be late

转折关系

标题
but,yet	The rabbit cookd some carrots, but/yet he didn't eact any
yet	I haven't eaten yet, yet I'm not hungry
however/nevertheless	The carrots were ready. However/Nevertheless the rabbit was still making videos

因果关系

标题
so/therefore	The rabbit is busy. So/Therefore, he won't go to the party tonight
for	The rabbit will skip lunch, for he is busy making a video

方式状语从句的连词 as if, as, as though

副词

• 副词修饰哪些词性
• 副词在句子中做什么成分

形容词主要是用来修饰名词的，如果想修饰动词怎么办？这就要用副词

• This is a fast rabbit fast是形容词修饰名词rabbit
• This rabbit runs fast fast是副词，修饰动词run

副词可以修饰 动词、形容词、副词、整句

• Obviously, this rabbit here runs very fast. Obviously 修饰整个句子

从句子成分角度说，副词通常做状语。

• This is a very fast rabbit
• Obviously, this rabbit here runs very fast.

副词的形式

很多形容词和副词同形，如fast，而很多副词需要在形容词后加ly 比如

• This is a quick rabbit
• This rabbit runs quickly

有些时候为了读音的需要，有些形容词词尾的e会被去掉，如：

• possible ---> possibly
• true ---> truly

有些形容词和副词同形的单词，但意义却不一样，比如pretty

标题
pretty adj. 漂亮的	She is a pretty wolf
pretty adv. 相当;挺	This is a pretty smart wolf

large -->largely
	This is a large carrot
	I largely only eat carrots

副词的种类

副词有以下9种

• 方式副词
• 程度副词
• 地点副词
• 时间副词
• 频率副词
• 疑问副词
• 连接副词
• 关系副词
• 句子副词

方式副词

可以位于句首、句中或句尾。比如

• Suddenly, the driver turned left.
• The driver suddenly turned left.
• The driver truned left suddenly.

1. 表示方法或手段的程度副词

-	副词	例句
工人们必须手动对物品进行分类	manually	The workers had to sort the items manually
几秒钟后门自动关闭	automatically	The doors close automatically after a few seconds
地震即将来临，人们有系统地离开大楼	systematically	The earthquake is coming, and people are leaving the building systematically
报告写得简短而专业	professionally	The report was written briefly and professionally
从技术上讲，该设备具有更快的速度	technically	Technically, the device is capable of faster speeds

2. 表示态度或情绪的方式副词

-	副词	例句
她为自己的错误真诚地道歉	sincerely	She apologized sincerely for her mistake
他在采访中自信地回答了问题	confidently	He answered the questions confidently during the interview
孩子们在公园里开心地玩耍	happily	The children were playing happily in the park
看到这乱七八糟的景象，他愤怒地大喊	angrily	He shouted angrily when he saw the mess
她对他的支持表示感谢	gratefully	She thanked him gratefully for his support

3. 表示具体动作的方式副词

-	副词	例句
火车很快就到了	quickly	The train arrived quickly
他慢慢地走去欣赏风景	slowly	He walked slowly to enjoy the view
她小心翼翼地将花瓶放在桌子上。	carefully	She carefully placed the vase on the table.
那男孩笨拙地试图系鞋带	clumsily	The boy tried to tie his shoelaces clumsily
舞者在舞台上优雅地移动	gracefully	The dancer moved gracefully across the stage

4. 表示程度的方式副词

-	副词	例句
这个问题已经彻底解决了	thoroughly	This problem has been thoroughly/completely resolved
她被这个故事深深感动	deeply	She was deeply moved by the story
咖啡对她的口味来说有点太苦了	slightly	The coffee was slightly too bitter for her taste.
我强烈推荐这本书给你	strongly	I strongly recommend this book to you
任务在截止日期前全部完成了	fully	The task was fully completed before the deadline

5. 表示频率或时间的方式副词

-	副词	例句
他们经常在周末去看望祖父母	frequently	They frequently visit their grandparents on weekends
我们偶尔去山里徒步旅行	occasionally	We occasionally go hiking in the mountains
天黑后她很少出去	rarely	She rarely goes out after dark
他不断地查看手机上的消息	constantly	He is constantly checking his phone for messages
老师不得不反复解释这个概念	repeatedly	The teacher had to explain the concept repeatedly

6. 其他常见的方式副词

-	副词	例句
该植物在该地区自然生长	naturally	The plant grows naturally in this region
他穿着正式的衣服参加这次活动	formally	He was dressed formally for the event
团队高效工作完成了项目	efficiently	The team worked efficiently to finish the project
早餐时我们随便吃了一顿	casually	We ate casually during breakfast
她直接回答了问题	directly	She answered the question directly

程度副词

• This is a very fast rabbit
• This rabbit runs very fast

程度副词一般位于它修饰的形容词或副词之前。

1. 表示最高程度的副词

-	副词	例句
这部电影极其有趣。	extremely	The movie was extremely interesting
她在绘画方面有着令人难以置信的天赋	incredibly	She is incredibly talented in painting
我完全同意你的观点。	totally	I totally agree with your opinion.
景色绝对不错	absolutely	The view is absolutely nice
他在失败后感到彻底失望	utterly	He felt utterly disappointed after the loss

2. 表示很高程度的副词

-	副词	例句
她非常聪明又勤奋	very	She is very smart and hardworking
这本书是专家强烈推荐的	highly	This book is highly recommended by experts
今年冬天的天气显著地暖和	remarkably	The weather has been remarkably warm this winter.
我喜欢这道菜，尤其是它的酱汁	particularly	I enjoy this dish, particularly the sauce
餐厅的服务特别好	exceptionally	The service was exceptionally good at the restaurant

3. 表示中等程度的副词

-	副词	例句
这次考试对她来说相当简单	quite	The test was quite easy for her.
这本书还算有趣，但不完美	fairly	The book is fairly interesting, though not perfect
他对延误感到有点恼火	somewhat	He was somewhat annoyed by the delay
这项任务完成起来适度困难	moderately	The task was moderately difficult to complete
这个价格对大多数人来说还算能接受。	reasonably	The price is reasonably affordable for most people

4. 表示较低程度的副词

-	副词	例句
这汤对我来说稍微有点咸	slightly	The soup is slightly salty for my taste
他勉强完成了马拉松	barely	He could barely finish the marathon
她几乎听不清他说的话	hardly	She could hardly hear what he was saying
新模型比旧模型稍微好一些	marginally	The new model is marginally better than the old one
会议刚好准时结束	just	The meeting ended just in time

5. 表示否定程度的副词

-	副词	例句
我对政治一点也不感兴趣	not at all	I am not at all interested in politics
这位老人几乎无法独自行走	scarcely	The old man could scarcely walk
在雾中我们几乎看不见道路	barely	We could barely see the road in the fog

地点副词

• The rabbit eats rabbit indoors/outdoors
• The rabbit eats rabbit upstairs/downstairs

地点副词一般位于句尾； 但欧式为了逼啊时强调，也会置于句首。比如：

• Here you can relax and forget about all your troubles

时间副词

• The rabbit ate some carrots yesterday
• The rabbit is eating some carrots now
• The rabbit will eat some carrots latter

时间副词一般放在句尾， 但也有时放在句中

• The rabbit has already eaten some carrots

频率副词

• The rabbit eats carrots every day
• Sometimes, the rabbit eats carrots
• The rabbit usually eats carrots
• The rabbit eats carrot three times a day

大部分频率副词都位于动词之前，be动词/助动词/情态动词之后。

副词	-
always	adv.总是, 总, 一直
frequently	adv.经常, 频繁, 常常, 常, 往往, 频, 时常
often	adv.经常, 往往, 常常
usually	adv.平时, 常常, 平常, 平素, 素来
rarely	adv.稀少
occasionally	adv.偶尔, 偶然

疑问副词

用来构成特殊疑问句的副词

• How/Where/When/Why does the rabbit eat carrots?

连接副词

引导名词性从句

• How the rabbit eats carrots is insteresting 引导的是主语从句
• I don't know where the rabbit eats carrots 引导的是宾语从句
• That is why the rabbit eats carrots 引导的是表语从句

关系副词

关系副词引导形容词性从句

• This was the place where the rabbit ate the carrot
• This is the reason why the rabbit ate the carrot
• That was the day when the rabbit ate the carrot for the first time.

句子副词

• Obviously, this rabbit here runs very fast.

1. 表示观点或态度的句子副词

副词	-
fortunately	adv.幸好, 好在, 幸, 幸亏
unfortunately	不幸地
honestly	老实说
frankly	坦率地说
surprisingly	令人惊讶地

2. 表示评估或评价的句子副词

副词	-
clearly	adv.分明, 历历, 逼真, 真, 明确地, 明显地
obviously	adv.明显, 分明, 判, 明显地
evidently	明显地
undoubtedly	无疑地
apparently	adv.似乎, 看来, 无疑, 表面上, 显然地

3. 表示可能性的句子副词

副词	-
certainly	adv.肯定的，当然, 一定, 无疑, 的确, 定然
definitely	adv.无疑, 定, 决, 准, 定然, 明确地
surely	adv.一定, 定, 保管, 的确地
probably	adv.几乎肯定; 可能；大概；
likely	adv.很可能, 容易, 或许 adj.合适的, 前途有望的
perhaps	adv.也许, 或许, 或者, 恐怕, 或, 许, 莫不, 想必, 容许
possibly	adv. 可能地; 也许，或许; 敢是; 容许
maybe	adv.也许, 说不定, 或许, 许, 恐怕, 或, 想必
conceivably	adv.可想而知；想得到地

4. 表示连接和逻辑关系的句子副词

副词	-
however	conj.然而, 但是, 但, 不过, 可是, 却 adv.多么, 犹
therefore	adv.因此, 所以, 因而, 故
moreover	adv.此外, 而且, 另外, 并且, 还有
meanwhile	adv.与此同时, 顺便, 顺 n. 期间
nevertheless	adv.还是, 虽然, 虽, 虽说 conj.然, 顶

5. 表示时间的句子副词

副词	-
finally	adv.最后, 终于, 到底, 卒, 算, 到头来, 临了
eventually	adv.终于, 终究, 竟
suddenly	adv.突然, 忽然, 猛然, 忽, 陡然
recently	adv.最近, 近日, 近来, 新近, 新
currently	adv.目前, 一般

动词

动词是可以表示动作和状态的词， 根据词义和其在句中的作用可分为实义动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。

实义动词

实义动词也叫行为动词。它有实际的词义，表示一定的动作或状态，可以单独做谓语。

注： 这里的实义动词前面英语兔英语语法课程提到的谓语动词，它是英语语法的核心，具有人称、时态、语态、语气等语法特征，关于动词的时态、语态、语气 详见 前面的文章《英语的时态》

连系动词

连系动词也叫系动词，系动词的作用就是赋值

连系动词虽然本身也有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须与表语一起才能做谓语。

1. 最常见的连系动词是 be

• My dream is to be a scientist

2. 表示结果的连系动词有 appear, become. turn, grow, get, go, fall等

• He appears to knows this
• The sky grew dark

3. 表示状态的连系动词有 feel, look, remin, keep, seem, smell, sound, taste, prove等

• It seems that there is no way out of our difficulty
• The room remained empty

4. 表示感觉的感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste等

• This kind of cloth feels very soft
• The carrot smells nice

助动词

助动词本身没有独立的意义，不能单独做谓语，必须和实义动词或连系动词的某种形式一起构成谓语，表示否定、疑问以及动词的时态、语态、语气人称和数等特征。 常用的助动词有be,do,have,shall(should),will(would)等。助动词可以协助主要动词构成时态或语态，也可构成疑问句和否定句，构成否定句时与否定副词not连用。

英语兔的解释：任何整句都分为主语和谓语，而谓语部分的核心是谓语动词，但是谓语动词本身往往无法独立表达某些语法概念，需要其他词的辅助， 而这类来辅助构成谓语但自己本身不能做谓语动词的词，就是助动词。

助动词可以用来辅助构成将来时

• The rabbit will eat a carrot

这里的will 有两个特称，

• 辅助主动词，
• 不能像主动词那样单独作谓语动词

基本助动词有三个be do have, 这三个词在作助动词时，本身是没有实际含义的，但请注意，他们除了可以做助动词，本身还可以做实义动词，也就是可以单独做谓语动词：

• be 存在
  • To be or not to be, that is a question
• have 有
  • I have a pen
• do 做
  • Just do it

be的用法

1. be + 现在分词，构成进行时态

• They are having a metting

2. be + 过去分词，构成被动语态

• The window was broken by Tom

3. be + 动词不定式，表示最近、未来的计划或安排、命令、征求意见、商量

• We are to teach the new students

have的用法

1. have+过去分词，构成完成时态。
2. have+been+现在分词，构成完成进行时

do的用法

1. do 构成一般疑问句

• Do you want to pass the CET

2. do + not 构成否定句

• I don't want to be criticized

3. do + not 构成否定祈使句

• Don't go there

情态动词

情态动词 同助动词一样，（辅助助动词，不能单独做谓语动词），但是它本身有一定的词义（是表示语气的单词）。

情态动词只能根动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词用在行为动词钱，表示说话人对这一动作或状态的看法或主观设想。

情态动词虽然数量不多，但用途广泛。

• can/could
• may/might
• will/would
• shall/should
• must
• ought to
• dare/dared
• need
• used to

它们中的一些也有实际意义， 比如can 也能表示“把。。。放进罐头”。 当这些词做实义动词时，当然可以单独做谓语的，请注意区分

can/could

1. 表能力

• I can kill a wolf
• I could kill a wolf last year

2. 表示许可请求

• Can/Could I borrow your book?

3. 表达可能性

• Anything can happen.
• Anything could happen.
• The rabbit could have gone home earlier, but he didn't finish work on time

may/might

1. 表示请求或许可

• May/Might I borrow you book?

may/might的可能性 < can/could的可能性，翻译过来为 “也许，大概，可能”

The rabbit isn't here, He may/might be at home

2. 表示祝愿

• May you succeed!

must

1. 表示必须

• You must finish your homework first!

2. 表禁止

• You must not(mustn't) smoke here

3. 表示推测

• The light is on. The rabbit must be at home

但是不能这样说

• The light isn't on. The rabbit mustn't at home

因为 mustn't 只有禁止的意思， 要换个词can't

• The light isn't on. The rabbit can't be at home.

will/would

1. 构成将来时

• The rabbit will eat a carrot 将来时
• The rabbit would eat a carrot 过去将来时

2. 表示建议请求

• Will you lend me that book?
• Would you please lend me that book?

would 语气更弱 更委婉

3. 表推测，假设

• Ask him. He will/would know
• What would the rabbit eat for dinner?
• He would eat a carrot

shall/should

虽然should是shall的过去式，但是两者区别较多

1. shall 可以构成将来时

• I shall/will be there at 9AM

2. shall 可以表示征求对方意见

• Shall we meet at 9AM

3. 表示警告 命令

• You shall not murder. You shall not steal. You shall not covet

should的用法

1. 表应当

• We should treat the rabbit well

2. 表示一定根据的推测

• It should rain tommorrow
• 它的语气强度在 will和 would之间

3. 表“竟然”

• It's surprising that he should be late

4. 构成虚拟语气

• If it should rain tommorrow, I wouldn't go
• You should have eaten the carrot

ought to/ need/dare

应该

• we ought to treat the rabbit well

need最常见的用法是做实义动词，表示需要

• I need you help

need也可以表示情态动词，也表示“需要，有必要”

• The rabbit need wait 这里的need是情态动词，后跟动词
• The rabbit needs to wait 这里 needs是谓语动词，后跟动词不定式

如果对前面两句进行否定

• The rabbit need not wait 情态动词+not 表示否定
• The rabbit does not need to wait 实力动词需要do not 进行否定

dare

• （做实义动词）敢；挑战；冒险
• （做情态动词）敢 一般用于否定句或疑问句中
  • The rabbit dare not tell the truth to the wolf
  • How dare you?

used to 过去习惯。。。

• 表示过去的动作 强调和现在对比
• The rabbit used to eat apples. Now he only eats carrots

used to 不等于 be used to something/doing something(习惯于。。。)

半助动词

既像主动词，又像助动词

• be able to
• be going to
• be about to
• had better

be able to

be able to 这个版助动词和can很像， 但是有一些区别， can的时态只有现在与过去时， 所以一般表示的时现在和过去的能力， 而 be able to 可以表达将来的能力

I'll be able to reach school on time if I leave right now.

I was able to reach scholl on time because I left home early.

be going to / be about to / be to 这三个半助动词和will 一样 都表示将要做某事， 但是具体语境有微妙的区别

• be going to 表示“计划做某事”的意思，通常是“很快就要做某事” 如
  • I'm going to eat dinner at 6PM today
  • I will graduate in 3 years
• be about to 表示 “马上就要做某事”
• be to 表示“被命令做某事”
  • You are to finish home work first
  • You must finish home work first
  • I think they're to fall in love with each other

had better 最好做。。。暗含 ”如果不这么做，会有不好的后果“

• You had better follow my orders
• You'd better follow my orders

非谓语动词

谓语动词有三大本领，能够表达动作的时间、状态、语气，在句子中通过“动词变位”。比如

• The rabbit eats a carrot
• The rabbit ate a carrot
• The rabbit is eating a carrot
• The rabbit has eaten a carrot

谓语动词还有另外一个名字： 限定性动词 finte verbs

与之相对的 是“非限定动词” non-finite verbs, 这样的动词失去了表达时间和人称的本领， 它的另一个名字就是 “非谓语动词”

• I like to eat carrots
• I liked eating carrots
• I am a talking rabbit.
• The rabbit likes minced carrots

这四个句子中 like liked am likes是受限定的动词，就是谓语动词而 to eat eating talking minced 这些词不受主语限制，不具备时间和人称的本领，是非谓语动词

一句话总结：谓语动词是句子的核心，而非谓语动词之可能出现在剩下的非核心部分中。

一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词，以下句子是错的

• I am a rabbit, I eat carrot.

解决方案

1. 改写成并列句，用连词连接

• I am a rabbit, so I eat carrtos

2. 要么变成一个从句，一个主句

• Because I am a rabbit , I eat carrots

动词不定式

不定式 infinitive, 就是不受时间、人称等概念限制。

通常 不定式的形式为 to + 动词原形

• To be or not to be, that is the question

有的时候to 也可以省略

• You helped me cook the carrot

前者称为完全不定式， 后者为裸不定式

五种谓语动词演化出5种基本句型。 充当句子的核心， 有人称、时态气的本领， 除此之外一句英语语句还可以包含其他成分。 如主语、宾语、宾语补足语， 主语补足语（即表语），定语， 状语，而这些其它成分， 都可以由非谓语动词来充当。
简单说就是： 一句话只能有一个谓语动词，充当句子的核心，其他成分如有需要用非谓语动词

不定式做主语

• To eat a carrot every day is good for the rabbit

• It is good for the rabbit to eat a carrot every day it is + 形容词 + for somebody. + to do something

• It is good that the rabbit eats a carrot every day

The rabbit likes to eat carrots
这里to eat 做谓语动词like的宾语。但是有的动词后面是不能接不定式做宾语。

• I consider it important to eat a carrot eveny day

不定式做宾语补语

1. 不定式可以和复杂及物动词一起使用

• The rabbit expected the wolf to eat a carrot

2. 有些动词如 see find watch have make let 这类 “使役”动词，后面用不定式作宾补需要省略to,

• Carrots make the rabbit fell happy

3. 还有谓语动词后结不定式作宾补时， 省不省去to 区别不大， 都是正确的表达

• The wolf helped the rabbit (to) grow carrots.

The rabbit's dream is to eat every kind of carrot in the world

不定式作定语

• The rabbit has a lot of carrots to eat

不定式作状语

• I was surprised to get a thumbs-up 原因状语从句
• I will do anything to get a thumbs-up 表目的
• I will do anything in order that I get a thumbs-up 表目的
• I got enough thumbs-up to make another video 表结果

高级不定式（不定式和状态结合）

• to be eating a carrot
• to have eaten a carrot
• to have been eating a carrot
• The rabbit seemed to be eating a carrot
• The rabbit will appear to have eaten a carrot

动名词

注： 现在分词，它长的和动名词一样， 但是用法却很不同

动名词就是动词变换为名词，充当名词的作用, 名词在句中作的成分，动名词同样可以承担

动名词作主语

• Carrots are healthy for the rabbit
• Eating Carrots is healthy for the rabbit

动名词作表语

• The rabbit's hoppy is growing carrots
• Seeing is believing

动名词作定语

• a sleeping pill ==== a pill for sleeping

动名词作宾语

• The rabbit likes to eat carrots

有的动词后面是不可以作不定式的, 如 enjoy, aviod, consider, escape, mind, practice 等， 动词词组有 insist on, give up, feel like, put off等

• The rabbit enjoys to eat carrots
• The rabbit enjoys eating carrots

介词 + 宾语

• The rabbit is fond of eating carrots
  • is fond of 喜欢
• The rabbit is looking forward to seeing the wolf again
  • forward to是介词词组，不要当成了不定式

动名词作宾语（与不定式作宾语的区别）

• The rabbit stopped to eat a carrot 停下手中的活
• The rabbit stopped eating a carrot 停止正在做的事情
• The rabbit forgot accepting the wolf's invitation 兔子忘记接受过狼的邀请

现在分词

• a talking rabbit, 一只会说话的兔子，与时间无关

现在分词相当于一个形容词

动名词作定语与现在分词作定语的区别

• a sleeping pill 一片安眠药
• a sleeping rabbit 一只在睡觉的兔子

很多用来形容人或物的词，其实都是现在分词分词（作形容词）

• The rabbit is charming
• The story is interesting
• The game is exciting
• The news is encouraging

现在分词作宾语补足语

• The wolf saw the rabbit eating a carrot 正在吃
• The wolf saw the rabiit eat a carrot 吃了

现在分词作状语，表示时间、条件、结果、让步、目的、方式和伴随情况等。

• Hearing the news, the rabbit become excited
  • 等价于 When he heard the news ,the rabiit become excited
• Not knowing what to eat, the rabbit skipped lunch
  • Because he didn't know what to eat, the rabbit skipped lunch.

非谓语动词作主语，很大程度上简化了从句，使得句子言简意骇

过去分词

• minced meat 绞肉
• The rabbit will eat minced carrot next week
  • minced 表示被绞的状态， 无时间信息

过去分词常见的结构是 动词原形 + ed, 但也有一些不规则的变化

• eat eaten

• see seen

• cut cut

• grow grown

• tell told

• The carrot cake eaten by the rabbit is delicious

  • 被兔子吃了的胡萝卜蛋糕，很美味

过去分词充当表语

• The rabbit is insterested in growing carrots
  • sb. is interested in doing sth.

现在分词作表语与过去分词作表语的区别

• The story is interesting 主动

• The rabbit is intersted 被动

• The rabbit was frightened

• The wolf was frightening

• I am interested 我被某人/某物引起了兴趣

• I am interesting 我引起了某人的兴趣

过去分词作状语

• Seen from the hill, the carrot field looks beautiful
• Born in a rabbit family, the rabbit's only work is growing carrots.
• Given another chance, the rabbit would go to the wolf's party

• The work finished, the rabbit went home
• The work was finished, and/so the rabbit went home
• After the work was finished, the rabbit went home

• The Weather permitting, the rabbit will go out
• If the Weather permits, the rabbit will go out

以上这种一个简单句除去核心的谓语动词外，其他动词转换为对应的过去分词或现在分词的用法，语法上称作独立主格，

为什么叫独立主格呢， 因为现在分词/过去分词是在句中的状语里（并非句子的主语） 但是在状语本身里，分词修饰的对象，隐含了一层“主语”的意味。

使役动词

• I make the wolf eat carrots from time to time

make 这类词除了后面接个宾语还需要增添其他补充信息，即宾语补语。有一类表达“使， 让， 令”等，这一类动词在语法上被称作使役动词

最常见的四个使役动词 make let have get

make

这些宾语补语有哪些情况呢？

1. 动词原形/裸不定式

• I make the wolf eat carrots from time to time

2. 形容词

• The carrot made the wolf full

make 隐含轻微的强迫某人做某事，let是允许某人做某事，但不绝对

• I'll let the wolf eat some chocolate

have 的身份可就多了

1. 表示有

• I have a pen. I have an apple

2. 可以做助动词

• I have eaten the apple

3. 也可以做使役动词

• I'll have the wolf wash the dishes
  • have 给某人任务/责任做。。。
• I had someone wash my car
  • I has my car washed
• I had someone do my nails
  • I had my nails done

4. have + 宾语 + 过去分词

• I had my carrot stolen yesterday

get

• I got a letter from a friend

• Do you get what I mean?

• I'll get the wolf to clean the kitchen after she washes the dishes

get也可以做使役动词

• I'll get the wolf to clean the kitchen after she washes the dishes
• I'll have someone wash my car for 100 Yuan
• I'll get the wolf to wash my car for free

get + 过去分词

• I got/had my nails done

动词的基本形式

动词有五种基本形式： 动词原形、第三人称单数形式、现在分词、过去式和过去分词。

第三人称单数形式

动词的第三人称单数变换规则与名词复数变换规则类似, 名词变复数的规则

• +s
• 以s，x，ch，sh结尾的 +es
• 以f(e)结尾的变f(e)为v加es
• 辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i，+es
• 以o结尾的,少数+es potato tomato hero mango

在一般现在时中，主语是第三人称单数是，谓语动词后面要加-s或-es,其变换规则同名词变复数

1. 一般情况下 +s

• like --> likes read-->reads stop-->stops play-->plays

2. 以辅音字母+y结尾，变y为i，+es

• fly-->flies study-->studies carry --> carries, worry-->worries

3. 以s，x，ch，sh结尾的 +es

• teach --> teaches wash-->washes watch --> wathes, brush-->brushes

不规则变化的有 have --> has, be-->is, go-->goes do-->does

动词的现在分词及动名词

注：动词的现在分词及动名词变换规则完全相同

1. 一般情况下，直接在动词后加-ing

• go-->going do-->doing play-->playing

2. 以不发音e结尾的动词，去e再加ing

• write-->writing ride-->riding like-->liking

3. 末尾三个字母以“辅音+元音+辅音”构成的重读闭音节动词，双写最后一个辅音字母再加ing

• swim-->swimming sit-->sitting run-->running

4. 以ie结尾的动词，变ie为y在加ing

• tie-->tying lie-->lying

动词的过去式及过去分词

除一些不规则变化外，动词的过去式与过去分词完全相同

1. 一般情况下直接在动词后加ed

• talk-->talked ask-->asked play-->played clean-->cleaned watch-->watched

2. 以不发音e结尾的动词后加d

• dance-->danced like-->liked move-->moved live-->lived

3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的动词，变y为i，再加ed

• study-->studied carry-->carried hurry-->hurried cry-->cried

4. 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词，双写最后的辅音字母再加ed

• stop-->stopped plan-->planned trip-->tripped

5. 不规则变化

动词原形	过去式	过去分词
do	did	done
go	went	gone
see	saw	seen
say	said	said
give	gave	given
get	got	got
come	came	come
eat	ate	eaten
take	took	taken